Tim Hwang is general counsel and a senior fellow at the Foundation for American Innovation focused on emerging technologies and national security. He is also a senior technology fellow at the Institute for Progress, where he runs Macroscience. Previously, Hwang served as the general counsel and VP of operations at Substack, as well as the global public policy lead for Google on artificial intelligence and machine learning. He is the author of Subprime Attention Crisis, a book about the structural vulnerabilities in the market for programmatic advertising.