History of open access

Nobody has written a comprehensive history of open access (OA) and I don't plan to. But many of my writings and projects over the years will help those who want to write or study that history. Here I try to pull them together. —Peter Suber.

Quick summary of four major projects: For the earliest days to 2009: See my timeline. For 2002-2010: See my old blog, Open Access News. For 2009-present: See the Open Access Tracking Project. For the earliest days to the present, on selected topics: See the Open Access Directory.

Analogy. Suppose a small town began to grow in a former wilderness. Early in its history it had a newspaper. In time it had a phone book, tax roll, town hall, post office, telegraph office, public library, school, church, cemetery, train station, doctor, surveyor, bartender, and private eye, each accumulating records in its own idiosyncratic, incomplete way. None of these caches of information is a history of the town. But each is useful for studying the history of the town. Someone who knew where a good fraction of them were located would do a service by pointing them out. In this sense, I haven't written a history of OA. But I've created materials, alone and with others, useful for studying the history of OA. Here I'm pointing them out, with some notes on their scope, preservation, and searchability. Needless to say, the history of OA is still unfolding. The small town didn't disappear except in the sense that it grew into a large city.

Timeline

• In February 2002 I started a Timeline of the Open Access Movement.
  • At first it was a hand-coded HTML page (perma.cc link). But as progress accelerated, and we passed more and more OA milestones, more and more quickly, that method didn't scale.
  • In February 2009, I created a wiki version of the timeline at the Open Access Directory. The idea was to crowd-source the job of updating and improving it. Unfortunately very few people have yet contributed to the OAD/wiki version.
  • Right now the timeline is fairly thorough up to and including 2009, and very meager after that.

• Although I started it in 2002, I deliberately went back to add entries on earlier landmark events.

• I say that the timeline runs "to 2009" (in the blue-box summary above). That's because I stopped updating it myself in 2009 and few people have enlarged it since then. I don't want to overstate its present scope. However, the OAD version is crowd-sourced. If the crowd takes an interest, the timeline could become comprehensive, right up to the present, and stay comprehensive. Volunteers wanted. Every little bit helps. See the OAD handout on how to contribute to the OAD.

Newsletter (2001-2013)

• I wrote a regular newsletter on OA for 12 years. For its first two years it was called the Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (2001-2002). Then I renamed it the SPARC Open Access Newsletter (2003-2013). At first it was weekly. In July 2003 it became monthly, and in September 2011 it became quarterly.

• Here's a list of links to each issue on the Earlham College server (perma.cc link). Each issue and each major article is also on deposit in DASH, Harvard's institutional repository.
  • For long-term access, I suggest linking to the DASH versions, which are better preserved and more discoverable than the Earlham versions.
  • The Earlham versions of the newsletter issues are also preserved at the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. But the DASH versions are more discoverable than the IA versions.
  • If a link to an Earlham copy is dead, here's how to fix it.

• I often wrote about contemporaneous OA developments. In that sense, the newsletter articles are relevant in the way that my blog posts are relevant, though the articles provide much more detail and analysis.

• Relatively few of the newsletter articles touch on the history of OA itself. But here are a few.
  • Analogies and precedents for the FOS (Free Online Scholarship) revolution, March 2002
  • Momentum for eprint archiving, August 2002
  • University actions against high journal prices, April 2004
  • A glimpse of our history, October 2004
  • Open Access in the United States, 2006
  • Trends favoring open access, August 2007
  • Recent watershed events, March 2011
  • The rise of libre open access, June 2012

• See my articles on the lobbying, debate, adoption, and challenges to the NIH policy.

• From 2003-2010 I wrote annual surveys of what happened with OA in the previous year. In the early years I linked to the developments I mentioned. But as the surveys became longer and longer, I stopped linking to each development, and referred readers to my blog or earlier issues of the newsletter itself for links and details.
  • Open Access in 2003
  • Open Access in 2004
  • Open Access in 2005
  • Open Access in 2006
  • Open Access in 2007
  • Open Access in 2008
  • Open Access in 2009
  • Open Access in 2010

• You can search the newsletter with a Google "site" search of the section of my Earlham site containing the Earlham versions of each issue.
  • This method will search my blog and newsletter together, which is usually an advantage.
  • If a link to an Earlham copy is dead, here's how to fix it.

• You can also search the newsletter in Google without special syntax. Just precede each search string with "peter suber" (keeping the quotation marks) and newsletter. This method will include some hits that quote the newsletter, but it won't omit any hits from the newsletter itself. If you also throw in the keyword dash, you'll focus on the copies in DASH.

• You can also search the newsletter together with my other writings on OA, but not including my blog, by searching DASH, Harvard's institutional repository. However, Google is more flexible than the DASH search engine for boolean and phrase searching

Open Access News (blog) (2002-2010)

• I launched a blog called Open Access News in May 2002, and blogged extensively until April 2010.
  • My goal was to track and share all that was going on with OA. I didn't succeed, of course. But I covered a lot of ground: about 18,000 posts, with occasional co-bloggers.
  • Aside: Why did I even try, and why for so long? The short answer is that I needed to monitor what was happening with OA in any case, for my other OA work (advocacy, writing, analysis, strategy, assistance). As long as I was doing this, I wanted to share what I was learning.

• OAN is still online and searchable at its original site on the Earlham College server.
  • But see my note below on why not to use the Google Custom search engine within the blog itself.
  • If a link to an Earlham copy is dead, here's how to fix it.

• OAN is preserved and searchable at the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine.
  • To find a given page or post, you may have to use the legacy.earlham.edu version of the URL rather than the earlham.edu version. More below.

• OAN is also preserved in one large zip file (about 337 KB) created by Charles W. Bailey Jr. (Thanks, Charles.)

• OAN is also preserved in the section of Harvard's H-Sities that captures and preserves my entire Earlham College web site. While comprehensive and well-preserved, this copy is hard to search.

• Most of OAN is backed up and searchable in a Google Group of the same name.
  • I forget what trick I used to send each blog post to the Google Group. But whatever it was, I didn't think of it until after I'd been posting for a while. The Group captures about 14k of the 18k posts. You don't need to be a member to view or search the Group.
  • I was the only member of the Group, and now that I've stopped posting to OAN, I've also stopped posting to this Group. There's no reason to ask to join.
  • The Group-specific search search engine leaves a lot to be desired. If you search for Elsevier, it will tell you there are 11 hits (by default sorted by date). But if you scroll through the hit list to the end, you'll find 203. If you scroll back to the top, you'll see that Google updated its estimate to 203. And if you turn off date sorting, by deleting %7Csort:date from the end of the URL, then Google updates its estimate to "about 490". (Google: What gives?)

• You can also search OAN with a Google "site" search of the section of my Earlham site containing the blog. Example.
  • This method will search my blog and newsletter together, which is usually an advantage.

• You can also search OAN in Google without special syntax. Just precede each search string with "peter suber" and "open access news" (keeping the quotation marks). This method will include some hits that quote my blog posts, and some of my non-blog works, but it shouldn't omit any of my blog posts. Example.

• Do not use the search engine on the blog itself.
  • The blog embeds a Google Custom Search Engine (CSE), which formerly worked like a charm. But Google let it deteriorate for years, and now it's as good as dead.
  • The search returns are scanty and unrepresentative, when they used to be comprehensive.
  • Every blog post has a unique URL, my CSE indexed them all, and every CSE search has/had a unique URL. Hence I could easily link to all my blog posts on a certain topic (word, phrase, or boolean compound) by linking to a CSE search for the same topic. I loved that and did it often. Now the blog is full of dead links to those CSE searches. The decline of CSE makes the posts much less useful than they were, and embarrasses me for putting that much trust in Google.

Reading older works on the Earlham server

• When you click on a link to one of my older works on the Earlham College server (such as a blog post or newsletter article), you might find that the link is dead.
  • If so, simply edit the URL to change earlham.edu to legacy.earlham.edu. Then the link should work again.
  • It doesn't matter whether the edited URL starts with http://, https://, or neither.
  • Here's a working example: change http://earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2002_09_01_fosblogarchive.html (dead) to legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2002_09_01_fosblogarchive.html (alive).

• The same works are also backed up in the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

Open Access Directory (2008 - present)

• In 2008, I co-founded the Open Access Directory with Robin Peek. It's an OA encyclopedia of OA. Unlike other encyclopedias, it limits itself to simple factual lists, in part to avoid edit wars and in part to lower barriers to contributions and verifications.

• I say "2008-present" because that's when OAD has existed. But many of its lists cover OA developments prior to 2008.

• The OAD is a wiki and depends on the OA community to keep it accurate, current, and comprehensive. It's crowd-sourced and distributed under a CC-BY license. To limit spam, editing is limited to registered users, but registration is free and easy. Volunteers wanted. Every little bit helps. See our handout on how to get started as an OAD contributor.

• Many of the OAD lists cover parts or threads of OA history. In most cases (not "Early OA journals"), I launched these lists and maintained them with the help of research assistants and interns.

• Here are direct links to the most important OAD lists on OA history.
  • Advocacy organizations for OA
  • Declarations in support of OA
  • Discontinued blogs about OA
  • Discontinued discussion forums
  • Discontinued social media sites about OA
  • Early OA journals
  • Events
  • Journal declarations of independence
  • Journals that converted from OA to TA
  • Journals that converted from TA to OA
  • OA by the numbers
  • Timeline of the Open Access Movement (also see the section of the present doc on this timeline)
  • Unanimous faculty votes

Open Access Tracking Project (2009 - present)

• I launched the Open Access Tracking Project (OATP) in April 2009 to provide a crowd-sourced alternative to my blog, Open Access News, which didn't scale as a way to capture and share the rapidly growing volume of OA-related news and comment.

• I say "2009-present" because that's when OATP has existed. But this needs two qualifications.
  • On the past: OATP encourages retroactive tagging. We're gradually capturing more and more OA developments that we missed in real time, including those that occurred before OATP launched in 2009. This search shows the current extent of our retroactive tagging.
  • On the future: In its start-up phase, OATP benefited from grant-supported tagging as a supplement to volunteer tagging. But in September 2018 weaned itself off grant-funded tagging and now depends entirely on volunteer taggers. Its quantity and quality now depend on the OA community at large. To become an OATP tagger or recruit new OATP taggers, see our handouts on how and why to tag for OATP.

• OATP has a powerful search engine. For more detail see the entry on search in the OATP FAQ.

• All OATP tag libraries are crowd-sourced and updated in real time. You can make them more complete by taking part as an OATP tagger. Volunteers wanted. Every little bit helps.

• Here are a few OATP tag libraries particularly relevant to OA history:
  • Items tagged with oa.advocacy (advocacy for OA)
  • Items tagged with oa.boycotts (boycotts in support of OA)
  • Items tagged with oa.conversions (paywalled resources converting to OA)
  • Items tagged with oa.declarations (declarations in support of OA)
    • See the related list in the OAD.
  • Items tagged with oa.declarations_of_independence (mass resignations of editors from paywalled journals in order to launch OA alternatives)
    • See the related list in the OAD.
  • Items tagged with oa.events (OA-related conferences and workshops)
    • See the related list in the OAD.
  • Items tagged with oa.growth (growth of OA)
  • Items tagged with oa.history_of (works on the the history of OA)
  • Items tagged with oa.jobs (OA-related jobs)
  • Items tagged with oa.legislation (OA-related legislation)
  • Items tagged with oa.litigation (OA-related litigation)
  • Items tagged with oa.mandates (mandatory OA policies)
  • Items tagged with oa.people (people in the news working for OA)
  • Items tagged with oa.petitions (petitions calling for action in support of OA)
  • Items tagged with oa.policies (OA policies)
  • Items tagged with oa.signatures (declarations, petitions, and other OA initiatives that called for signatures)

• Because every OATP tag publishes a tag library and real-time feed, the list above is just a small sample of what OATP has to offer. For more, see the full list of OATP tags in use (more than 10,000) and the full list of project-approved tags (more than 250).

• Items in a given tag library are listed in the (reverse) order in which they were tagged, not the (reverse) order in which they occurred or were published.

• If you're studying the history of OA (or any other aspect of OA), then see how OATP can support your research.

Google+ blog (2011-2019)

• When I laid down Open Access News in 2010, I didn't want to stop blogging altogether. So in July 2011, I launched a new blog at Google+.
• The purpose of OAN was to cover OA developments comprehensively, but that's precisely the job that didn't scale for an individual blog, and the job taken up by the crowd-sourced Open Access Tracking Project. Hence, unlike my old blog, the new blog never intended to cover OA comprehensively, and didn't limit itself to the topic of OA. Despite these differences, the new blog still covered many OA developments.

• I stopped blogging at G+ in November 2018, and Google deleted all user posts in April 2019.

• G+ is not well-preserved. On the contrary! Google announced (perma.cc link) on October 8, 2018 that it was shutting down G+ for "consumers". (I'd call myself a user, not a consumer, but I'm still covered.) I'll use this section of my wiki to track what I'm doing about this.
  • Note that Google is the same company that heroically hunted down, preserved, and reposted all the original Usenet postings. (These are now part of Google Groups.) But for its own platform, Google chose deletion over preservation. See my short open letter to Google (October 20, 2018) about this inconsistency, and asking it to minimize the damage of its decision.
  • Harvard is archiving my G+ and Twitter accounts to Archive-It. I'll post the URLs here soon.
  • Some of my G+ posts were saved to the Internet Archive. Naturally there will not be redirects from the original URLs to the IA copies. But if you have the original URL for one of my G+ posts, then just append it to this root URL, http://web.archive.org/web/*/, to get an IA copy of the same post, if there is one.
    • For example: https://plus.google.com/+PeterSuber/posts/fCnMr6Bf5uj would become http://web.archive.org/web/*/https://plus.google.com/+PeterSuber/posts/fCnMr6Bf5uj.
    • Also see my handmade list of major G+ posts, with links to copies in the Internet Archive.
  • I saved nearly all (about 1,210) of my G+ to posts Conifer (then called WebRecorder), where they are well-preserved, OA, and searchable.
    • Here's the Conifer collection of those posts. Click on the "Browse All" tab to see the list. Click on the left "Timestamp" column to toggle between chronological order and reverse chronological order.
    • In the list view, the dates indicate when the posts were saved to Conifer, not when they were first posted. However, if you click through on a given post, you'll see the date of original posting.
    • If you happen to have the original URL for one of my dead G+ posts (for example, from an old email or tweet), you can enter it in the Conifer URL bar and find the Conifer copy.

PubPub blog (2020 - present)

• I created a PubPub blog on May 4, 2020. But I don't post much.

Twitter (2009 - 2022)

• I tweeted at @petersuber, but virtually stopped when Musk took over in late 2022.
• In September 2023, I followed these instructions to upload my Twitter account to the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. The upload process returned many error messages and I can't tell how many tweets made it through. (I tried it more than once and got many error messages each time.) To search for the uploaded tweets, it seems that you must know the URL of the original and search for it in the Wayback Machine or prepend "web.archive.org/web/*/" to the tweet URL. There's no master page or single link to the collection of my tweets.
• In November 2024, I created a searchable archive of my Twitter account on Community Archive. To search for my them, go to the search box and search for from:petersuber KEYWORDS. Note that I have more than 10.4k tweets but only 7.7k were successfully uploaded to the Community Archive.

Mastodon (2022 - present)

• I toot at @petersuber.

Writings on OA (1992 - present)

• See the list of my major writings about OA, including my major newsletter articles. Each entry includes a link to the version in DASH, Harvard's institutional repository.

How you can help

Some of these projects are crowd-sourced and you can help make them more accurate, comprehensive, and up to date.

• As you find relevant items, tag them for the Open Access Tracking Project. This means becoming a tagger.

• As you find relevant items, add them to the lists at the Open Access Directory, including the Timeline.

• As you find relevant items, add them to the Wikidata project mapping the open movement. (I add this here because it's crowd-sourced and promising. I support it, but I had no role in launching it.)

• In September 2007 Caroline Sutton and I launched the Societies and Open Access Research (SOAR) project to catalog OA journals published by scholarly societies. In September 2013 we added Amanda Page as a third co-author/co-editor. I don't list SOAR above because the catalog doesn't yet help much on the history of these journals, for example, by indicating when they launched or converted to OA. But SOAR is crowd-sourced, like OAD and OATP. Anyone who wants to unearth those dates and add them to the catalog would make it much more useful.