Free and Open Source Software: Difference between revisions

From The Internet: Issues at the Frontier (course wiki)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (minor edit along the way towards a better page)
(Major re-write, better capture of our discussion over lunch)
Line 5: Line 5:
=Precis=
=Precis=


Free software seems to have a dual-nature: it can be both software libre or software gratis. To put it in the usual terms, software can be "free as in speech" or "free as in beer". These terms are useful for helping us understand the different motivations and interests surrounding the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software Free / Open Source Software] (F/OSS) movement. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman Richard Stallman] assets that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software software (libre)] is important, and that this value is paramount. Meanwhile, companies like [http://www.redhat.com/ RedHat] appear to be trying desperately to turn a profit on a free (gratis) product with a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_open-source new business model]. When somebody says, "I use free software", do they mean software libre or software gratis, and why? Clearly, any discussion of the F/OSS movement absolutely must explore the division between "free as in speech" and "free as in beer".
Free software seems to have a dual-nature: it can be at once "free as in beer" and also "free as in speech". More academically said, free software is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software software libre] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware software gratis], often both. By these words we can see how [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software Free / Open Source Software] (F/OSS) is characterized both by it's price-tag and by the philosophy ([http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html the four freedoms of software]) that surrounds it. Understanding these facets of F/OSS is simple enough, but we would like to explore F/OSS by asking whether we should characterize libre and gratis as two facets of a unified F/OSS software movement, or whether F/OSS is in some unresolvable way a movement at-odds with itself. As we move along, we would like to hear from the class whether they believe the law is best tailored to a particular characterization of software or F/OSS, how flexible the law can be, and whether it can and should change to meet other characterizations of F/OSS.


The libre/gratis distinction seems to relate to a sort of war between [http://www.free-culture.cc/ Free Culture] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permission_culture Permission Culture], which might be recast as a clash between the drive of economic development and the drive of cultural development. Of course, the law still respects copyright and patents, so Free Culture is a long way from a victory. Stil, software libre has managed to turn the tools of copyright upon themselves with the invention of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft copyleft] licensing system. Given the usefulness of such licenses, and their [http://creativecommons.org/ availability], maybe the law of copyrights doesn't need to adjust at all in order to account for free culture.
There may be a case both for and against casting F/OSS as fundamentally divided. On the one hand, the libre/gratis distinction seems to relate to a sort of clash between [http://www.free-culture.cc/ Free Culture] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permission_culture Permission Culture], which might be recast as a divide between the drive of economic development and the drive of cultural development. Of course, the law still respects copyright and patents, so Free Culture is a long way from a victory. On the other hand, software libre has managed to turn the tools of copyright upon themselves with the invention of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft copyleft] licensing system, made so widely accessible by projects like [http://creativecommons.org Creative Commons]. Furthermore, some companies like [http://www.redhat.com/ RedHat] are even trying to turn a profit on F/OSS using a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_open-source services based business model]. Given all this, maybe the law of copyrights doesn't need to adjust at all in order to account for free culture?


Maybe casting the division as one between economics and culture is just a divisive technique. Perhaps theories of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy gift economies] can help us come to understand software libre as attempting to create a separate software economy?
Maybe casting the division as one between economics and culture is just a divisive technique. It does seems reasonable to think of a spectrum bookended by Free Culture and Paid Software, with F/OSS along in the middle. Alternatively, perhaps theories of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy gift economies] can help us come to understand software libre as attempting to create a separate software economy?
 
As we move along, keep in mind the following (potentially false) dichotomies:


* Free as in Beer v. Free as in Speech
* Free as in Beer v. Free as in Speech
Line 22: Line 24:
We propose to explore the division between "free as in speech" and "free as in beer" and then use what ideas we can develop to explore the following questions:
We propose to explore the division between "free as in speech" and "free as in beer" and then use what ideas we can develop to explore the following questions:


# To what extent does the law of copyrights protect software libre and software gratis?
* To what extent does intellectual property law currently protect software libre and software gratis?
# To what extend is the law of in fundamental opposition to software libre or software gratis?
* To what extend is the law in fundamental opposition to software libre or software gratis?
# Why does free software succeed in geek communities and in the market-place generally, and what does the future of free software look like?
* Should we characterize F/OSS as a movement at-odds with itself or not? In other words, is there an unbridgeable gap between software libre and software gratis?
# Can we imagine a world in which gift economics is the predominant ruler of the software markets? Would the law extend into this world or not?
* Given our thoughts about the above question, how do we see the law adapting, or not, to account for F/OSS?
** Can we imagine a world where the law recognizes a continuum bookended by Free Culture and Paid Software.
** Alternatively, can we imagine a world where software is a predominantly gift-economy, and would the law dare extend into this world?


=Guest Wish-list=
=Guest Wish-list=
Line 39: Line 43:
=Readings=
=Readings=


* [http://www.amazon.com/Gift-Imagination-Erotic-Life-Property/dp/0394715195 The Gift], Lewis Hyde - Chapters TBD.
* [http://www.amazon.com/Gift-Imagination-Erotic-Life-Property/dp/0394715195 The Gift], Lewis Hyde. Chapters TBD.
* [http://echo.gmu.edu/freeandopen/ A List of Resources on F/OSS]
* [http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm] (Abstract only), Yochai Benkler.
* [http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm] (Abstract only), Yochai Benkler
* [http://freeasinspeechandbeer.com/drupal/?q=node/4 free, as in speech and beer], Introduction, Darren Wershler-Henry.
* [http://catb.org/~esr/writings/homesteading/homesteading/ Homesteading the Noosphere], Eric S. Raymond. Selection TBD


=Potential Readings=
=Potential Readings=


* [http://catb.org/~esr/writings/homesteading/homesteading/ Homesteading the Noosphere], Eric S. Raymand.
* [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.09/posts.html?pg=6 Free, as in Beer], Lawrence Lessig.
* [http://freeasinspeechandbeer.com/drupal/ free, as in speech and beer], Darren Wershler-Henry.
** Not so useful in itself, but maybe for its citations. [[User:Dulles|Dulles]] 07:07, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
* [http://echo.gmu.edu/freeandopen/ A List of Resources on F/OSS].
** Not so useful in itself, but maybe for its citations. [[User:Dulles|Dulles]] 07:07, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
* [http://www.thejemreport.com/content/view/125/68/ The Gift Economy and Free Software], Jem Matzan.
* [http://www.thejemreport.com/content/view/125/68/ The Gift Economy and Free Software], Jem Matzan.
* [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.09/posts.html?pg=6 Free, as in Beer], Lawrence Lessig.
** Meh. [[User:Dulles|Dulles]] 07:07, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Revision as of 03:07, 29 December 2008

Topic Owners: dulles,Ayelet

Back to syllabus.

Precis

Free software seems to have a dual-nature: it can be at once "free as in beer" and also "free as in speech". More academically said, free software is software libre or software gratis, often both. By these words we can see how Free / Open Source Software (F/OSS) is characterized both by it's price-tag and by the philosophy (the four freedoms of software) that surrounds it. Understanding these facets of F/OSS is simple enough, but we would like to explore F/OSS by asking whether we should characterize libre and gratis as two facets of a unified F/OSS software movement, or whether F/OSS is in some unresolvable way a movement at-odds with itself. As we move along, we would like to hear from the class whether they believe the law is best tailored to a particular characterization of software or F/OSS, how flexible the law can be, and whether it can and should change to meet other characterizations of F/OSS.

There may be a case both for and against casting F/OSS as fundamentally divided. On the one hand, the libre/gratis distinction seems to relate to a sort of clash between Free Culture and Permission Culture, which might be recast as a divide between the drive of economic development and the drive of cultural development. Of course, the law still respects copyright and patents, so Free Culture is a long way from a victory. On the other hand, software libre has managed to turn the tools of copyright upon themselves with the invention of the copyleft licensing system, made so widely accessible by projects like Creative Commons. Furthermore, some companies like RedHat are even trying to turn a profit on F/OSS using a services based business model. Given all this, maybe the law of copyrights doesn't need to adjust at all in order to account for free culture?

Maybe casting the division as one between economics and culture is just a divisive technique. It does seems reasonable to think of a spectrum bookended by Free Culture and Paid Software, with F/OSS along in the middle. Alternatively, perhaps theories of gift economies can help us come to understand software libre as attempting to create a separate software economy?

As we move along, keep in mind the following (potentially false) dichotomies:

  • Free as in Beer v. Free as in Speech
  • Copyright v. Copyleft
  • Copyleft v. Free Culture - is there a difference?
  • The Economic Drive v. The Cultural Drive
  • Profit v. Reputations
  • Insiders v. Outsiders - are there deep disconnects between the business, software, and legal worlds that make common ground hard to find?

Questions

We propose to explore the division between "free as in speech" and "free as in beer" and then use what ideas we can develop to explore the following questions:

  • To what extent does intellectual property law currently protect software libre and software gratis?
  • To what extend is the law in fundamental opposition to software libre or software gratis?
  • Should we characterize F/OSS as a movement at-odds with itself or not? In other words, is there an unbridgeable gap between software libre and software gratis?
  • Given our thoughts about the above question, how do we see the law adapting, or not, to account for F/OSS?
    • Can we imagine a world where the law recognizes a continuum bookended by Free Culture and Paid Software.
    • Alternatively, can we imagine a world where software is a predominantly gift-economy, and would the law dare extend into this world?

Guest Wish-list

The Big Think team might be able help secure some of these folks -- hit me up at peter@bigthink.com if you'd like some assistance making contact. PeterH 07:11, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Readings

Potential Readings

Retrieved from "http://cyber.harvard.edu/iif/?title=Free_and_Open_Source_Software&oldid=1018"