Alternative Energy

Field definition

Basic Definition

"According to New Energy Finance, the clean energy sector grew to over $148 billion in 2007, up forty-one percent from 2006 despite the last summer’s credit crunch."(Ward et all, 2008)

Alternative energy technologies produce energy while causing less environmental damage than traditional means of energy production like the fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas. Alternative energy technologies are also referred to as clean technology (Cleantech) or renewable energy technology. Alternative energies are an array of distinct technologies, services, and products that are designed to reduced greenhouse gas emissions while promoting efficient energy use and the conservation of natural resources. These technologies vary immensely in type, innovation cycles, maturity and technoeconomic readiness. They can also be divided into energy supply and energy end-use innovations. Energy supply technologies are those that produce energy for use by consumers, while energy end-use technologies are those that promote efficient use of that energy. Alternative energy supply technologies include wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, biofuels, tidal, wave & ocean energy, nuclear, hydropower, fuel cells, clean coal, and certain types of high-efficiency, low emissions combined cycle natural gas turbines. Energy end-use technologies include energy efficient lightbulbs, home appliances, and fuel efficient, hybrid, or plug-in automobiles. Our research is focused on three energy supply technologies, solar, wind, and tidal/wave.

The importance of alternative energy technologies is not only environmental, but also geopolitical. The US goal of energy security - a deeper politicized issue - is motivated by the objectives of reducing the dependency on foreign sources of oil, controlling prices, and achieving a diversity of energy supplies.

The primary barriers to a wide adoption of alternative energy technologies are their higher cost relative to fossil fuels, the resistance to their adoption from the incumbent fossil technologies that hold great power in the industry and with the government, and the inconsistent and often ineffectual government subsidy programs that help bridge the price gap between alternative technologies and the incumbents. Due to these barriers, alternative energy technologies have not gained the widespread use to compete with fossil fuel technologies, and have generally gained very limited market share. Greater R&D funding, both public and private, and government subsidies to stimulate the demand for these technologies, will be needed to bring the costs of the technologies down and encourage their adoption at levels that can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and therefore reduce the US’s carbon emissions.

A wide variety of actors are involved in the alternative energy sector including government agencies, universities, and Alternative Energy Companies. Additionally, venture capitalists, nonprofit organizations, environmental advocates, and attorneys all play important supporting roles.

Conferences and State Task Forces provide important collaboration opportunities. Identification of challenges and opportunities for projects may be established at these meetings and collaboration continues through email contact and conference calls. Government agencies and universities appear to be more eager to participate in data sharing than energy companies who are less consistent in sharing their data. While there may be differences between the main actors when it comes to data and research sharing, collaboration on policy appears to be strong from all the actors in this sector.

An example of industry collaboration can be seen in the “Iowa Alliance for Wind Innovation and Novel Development” which is a partnership between “state and local governments, the community colleges, universities, the private sector, associations and community organizations, and the federal government.”

The information above is largely the result of impressions of the alternative energy sector collected through research and experience.

Focus Market Segments

• Wind
  • Wind energy refers generally to the utilization of wind for generating power with turbine technology. Effective wind power generation is related to the performance of wind turbines, which are capable of adjusting the blade angles and orientation such that the angle of attack with respect to the wind direction is changed to increase energy capture. Following the recent push for wind power to be a mainstream player in the world’s energy markets, there is an increasing need to improve reliability and turbine performance, and to develop technologies for effective largescale wind plants. It is certain that increased development efforts and innovation will be required to expand the wind energy industry. See: Wind Energy Multiyear Program Plan For 2007-2012 and other reports
• Solar
  • "solar energy development is moving solar technologies on a path toward full competitiveness with conventional power generation. One example of solar technologies is photovoltaic cells, which convert sunlight directly into electricity and are made of semiconductors such as crystalline silicon or various other thin-film materials. Another example is concentrating solar power technologies, which use reflective materials to concentrate the sun’s heat energy, ultimately driving a generator to produce electricity. These technologies include dish/engine systems, parabolic troughs, and central power towers. To overcome the cost-effective challenges of solar energy, there is an intense interest in developing new materials, photovoltaic cell designs, and large-scale solar energy systems." (Ward et al, 2008)
• Tidal
  • "The development technology that generates electricity from ocean waves, tides, and river currents is still in its infancy." (Lane et al. 2007)
  • "Because the development and application of these technologies are in the precommercial stage, the regulatory requirements governing their implementation are not always clear." (Lane et al. 2007)
    • Lane, N., Congress, L.O. & Service, C.R., 2007. Issues Affecting Tidal, Wave, and In-Stream Generation Projects. In Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Available @ http://www.cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/07Sep/RL33883.pdf
  • "Ocean energy comes in a variety of forms such as geothermal vents, and ocean currents and waves. The most commercially viable resources studied so far are ocean currents and waves which have both undergone limited commercial development." (Muetze & Vining n.d.)
  • "Most importantly, waves are a regular source of power with an intensity that can be accurately predicted several days before their arrival [4], more predictable than wind or solar energy." (Muetze & Vining n.d.)
    • Muetze, A. & Vining, J.G., Ocean Wave Energy Conversion-A Survey. In Proceedings 41 st EEE Industry Applications Conference. pp. 1410-1417. Available @ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/staff/am/conferencepublications/ias37p2.pdf

Deprioritized Market Segments

• Geothermal energy generation
• Biofuels
• Nuclear
• Clean coal
• Other Water technologies, such as Hydropower

Excluded From Field Definition

• Energy storage
• New pollution-pollution abatement
• Recycling
• Cleaning technologies
• Carbon control technologies

Study of the field

Analysis of the field with basis on Field Research Methodology

1. Overview of Economics of Intellectual Property in AE
2. Give an overall picture of the AE field
3. Country AE Profiles
4. Innovations in Wind, Solar and Tidal
5. Legal tools available for and in use by the actors of AE field: IP in AE
6. competitive advantages in AE
7. IP Profile of Biggest for-profit companies in AE
8. IP Profile of non-profit companies in AE
9. IP Profile of Universities working in AE
10. IP Profile of Associations in AE
11. Commons based cases in AE

Resources

Bibliographies Addressing Research Outline

Bibliography for Item 1 in AE
Bibliography for Item 2 in AE
Bibliography for Item 3 in AE
Bibliography for Item 4 in AE
Bibliography for Item 5 in AE
Bibliography for Item 6 in AE
Bibliography for Item 7 in AE
Bibliography for Item 8 in AE
Bibliography for Item 9 in AE
Bibliography for Item 10 in AE
Bibliography for Item 11 in AE
All Bibliographic Sources

Online Resources

News

• Alternative Energy News [1]
• Cleantech Group, LLC [2]
• Climate Ark [3]
• Climate Change News [4]
• Climate-L [5]
• Global Warming.org [6]
• Green Tech Media [7]
• Grist.com [8]
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [9]
• New York Times DotEarth [10]
• Renewable Energy Policy Network for the Twenty-first Century (REN21) [11]
• Renewable Energy World [12]
• Solar Buzz [13]
• Tree Hugger [14]
• Wind Works [15]
• World Changing [16]

Blogs

• Alternative Energy Blog [17]
• Clean Energy Patent Growth Index [18]
• Cleantech Blog [19]
• Green Patent Blog [20]
• Green Trust [21]
• Stanford Law School: Environmental & Energy Insights [22]
• The Energy Blog [23]
• The Financial Times/energy source [24]

Organizations/Associations

• 2degress [25]
• American Solar Energy Society [26]
• American Wind Energy Association [27]
• Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs [28]
• California Energy Commission [29]
• Chatham House [30]
• Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) [31]
• Energy Information Administration (EIA) [32]
• European Ocean Energy Association [33]
• European Wind Energy Association [34]
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [35]
• International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) [36]
• International Energy Agency (IEA) [37]
• IEA Wind [38]
• International Renewable Energy Association [39]
• International Solar Energy Society [40]
• Lawrence Berkeley Lab [41]
• Ocean Energy Council [42]
• Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition [43]
• Solar Energy Industries Association [44]
• Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative [45]
• United Nations Environment Programme [46]
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [47]
• US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy [48]
• US Environmental Protection Agency [49]
• World Future Council [50]
• World Wind Energy Association [51]
• Worldwatch Institute [52]

Journals

• Technological Forecasting and Social Change: An International Journal [53]
• Energy Economics [54]

Interviews

Possible candidates for interviews:

• Thomas Ackermann - Talked by phone 5/8/09 1:30 pm
  • He had a good historic look at the wind industry. He has been part of the wind energy for 20 years. He is willing to answer any specific question we may have.

• Laura Diaz Anadon - Meeting on Wednesday, May 13 at the Belfer Center KSG.

• Kathy Araujo - Emailed and she is busy until late May. Contact her then.

• William Bonvillian - Emailed. Waiting for reply.

• Victor Cardona

• Michael Dworkin - Phone conversation on 4/29/2009 - 4 pm
  • He recommended contacting:
    • Norma Formanek - General Counsel of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
    • Glenn Berger - Head of VC for Skadden Arps (Law firm)
    • Dan Reicher - Google
    • Sue Tierney - Former Asst. Secretary of Policy for DOE
  • He knew some of the information we are looking for, but not a lot, but did ask that he be included on the future drafts of the research we are doing. We should also site him if we use the interview in any work, and send him a copy of the information for review.

• Katherine Dykes - Emailed her and she is busy until late May/early June. Contact her then.

• William Farris - Emailed him on 5/6/2009. No reply yet

• Jeremy M. Firestone - Emailed. Waiting for reply.

• Peter Mandelstam - Emailed. Waiting for reply.

• Walt Musial - Emailed. Waiting for reply.

• New Energy Movement Director - Emailed on 5/11/2009. Waiting for reply.

• Chris Noble -

• Charles Weiss - Emailed. Waiting for reply.

• Ryan Wiser - Emailed. Waiting for reply.

Essay Publication

The Political Economy of Intellectual Property in the Emerging Alternative Energy Market
By Carol and Silas

Paper

Paper
Possible journal or working paper submission sites

Articles still to be read

The Final Bibliography

• Andersen, P. & Drejer, I., 2005. Distributed innovation in integrated production systems: The case of offshore wind farms. In Denmark. - CR read for innovation, SB read for tech

• Carberry, E. & Hancock, R., 2009. The China GreenTech Report 2009, China: The China GreenTech Initiative & Mango Strategy LLC.

• CEG, 2009. International Climate Technology Innovation Initiative: Structure and Strategy Proposal for a Copenhagen Agreement “Technology Track”, Montpelier, VT: Clean Energy Group.

• de Coninck, H., 2009. Technology Rules! Can Technology-oriented agreements help address climate change? Vrije Universiteit.

• de Coninck, H. & Berkhout, F., 2009. Technology: the key to a Copenhagen agreement?, Amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies: Vrije Universiteit.

• Dechezlepretre, A. et al., 2008. Invention and Transfer of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies on a Global Scale: A Study Drawing on Patent Data, Paris: CERNA, Mines ParisTech.

• Gallagher, K.S., 2009. Breaking the Climate Impasse with China: A Global Solution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School.

• Gerstetter, C. & Marcellino, D., 2009. The Current Proposals on the Transfer of Climate Technology in the International Climate Negotiations. An Assessment., Washington D.C.: Ecologic Institute.

• Khor, M., 2009. The Rise of 'Climate Protectionism'. South Centre Bulletin, (40). Available at: http://www.southcentre.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1069&Itemid=1 [Accessed September 17, 2009].

• Lee, B., Iliev, I. & Preston, F., 2009. Who Owns Our Low Carbon Future? Intellectual Property and Energy Technologies, Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs).

• Lester, R., 2008. REFORMING THE U.S. ENERGY INNOVATION SYSTEM, Industrial Performance Center MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

• Levi, M., 2009. Creating a Climate Policy Review Mechanism, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School.

• Martinot, E. et al., 2007. Renewable Energy Futures: Targets, Scenarios, and Pathways. The Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 32, 205 - 239.

• Martinot, E. et al., 2002. Renewable Energy Markets in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Energy and Environment, (27), 309-48.

• Milford, L. & Morey, J., 2009. Climate Crash Course for Copenhagen - The Six Simple Reasons Why We Need Global Technology Collaboration, Clean Energy Group.

• Nordhaus, W., 2009. Economic Issues in Designing a Global Agreement on Global Warming.

• Popp, D., 2009. A Perspective on Technology Transfers as a Response to Climate Change, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Consensus on Climate.

• President's Council, 2008. The Energy Imperative: Report Update, Washington D.C.: Executive Office of the President of the United States.

• Stewart, R., Kingsbury, B. & Rudyk, B., 2009. Climate Finance: Key Concepts and Ways Forward, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School.

• Vidican-Sgouridis, G., Woon, W.L. & Madnick, S., 2009. Measuring Innovation Using Bibliometric Techniques: The Case of Solar Photovoltaic Industry. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1388222 [Accessed October 5, 2009].

• Vranes, E., Climate Change and the WTO: EU Emission Trading and the WTO Disciplines on Trade in Goods, Services and Investment Protection,

• Walz, R., Ragwitz, M. & Schleich, J., 2008. Regulation and Innovation: the case of renewable energy technologies, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research.

• Watanabe, C., Tsuji, Y.S. & Griffy-Brown, C., 2001. Patent statistics: deciphering a 'real' versus a 'pseudo' proxy of innovation. Technovation, 21(12), 783-790.

• Yang, Z., 2009. An Analysis of Technology Transfers as a Response to Climate Change, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Consensus on Climate.

Questionnaire

We are assembling a questionnaire that will be sent to a number of university and government Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC), which are new US Department of Energy centers tasked with particular areas of alternative energy research. We hope to determine how their government R&D funds are being allocated and how intellectual property is treated in theses centers.

• Survey Being Built

Questions on the background of the governmental program were also sent to Dr. Robin Hayes who is the AAAS Fellow working with the EFRC management team. More at: Questions posed to the DOE-Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Spring Conference

OFFICIAL PAGE

Possible Special Case Studies in AE

Under this section we will explore possible special case studies that will later be transformed into papers under the AE Field Intellectual Property Profile.

• http://www2.dupont.com/Energy_and_Utilities/en_US/
• http://www2.dupont.com/Open_Science/en_US/global_energy.html

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