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O P E N L A W: Eldred v. Reno
Featured Argument: First Amendment -- Strict Scrutiny

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Below is our First Amendment -- Strict Scrutiny bibliography for Eldred v. Reno. Once you have finished here, please add to our argument, or tell us what is wrong with it, by contributing to our First Amendment -- Strict Scrutiny Brainstorming Session (login required - register here). This bibliography IS NOT required reading for participation in the brainstorming session, so please join us whenever you are ready. Also, if you have something you would like to add to the bibliography, please post a link to it in the brainstorming session and we will add it to this list.

Bibliography

Looseleaf Legal Treatises on Copyright and Freedom of Speech:

  • Melville B. Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright (1978);
  • Melville B. Nimmer, Nimmer on Freedom of Speech (1984).
General Background Resources on the First Amendment Implications of Copyright:
  • William Van Alstyne, Remembering Melville Nimmer: Some Cautionary Notes on Commercial Speech, 43 UCLA L. Rev. 1635 (1996);
  • Stephen Fraser, The Conflict Between the First Amendment and Copyright Law and Its Impact on the Internet, 16 Cardozo Arts & Ent. L.J. 1 (1998);
  • Jessica Litman, Reforming Information Law in Copyright's Image, 22 U. Dayton L. Rev. 587 (1997);
  • Neil Weinstock Netanel, Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society, 106 Yale L.J. 283 (1996);
  • Diane Leenheer Zimmerman, Information as Speech, Information as Goods: Some Thoughts On Marketplaces and the Bill of Rights, 33 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 665 (1992);
  • Henry S. Hoberman, Copyright and the First Amendment: Freedom or Monopoly of Expression?, 14 Pepp. L. Rev. 571 (1987);
  • Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (1967).
Cases Exemplifying the Potential Conflict Between Copyright and Freedom of Speech:
  • Campbell v. Acuff-Rose, 510 U.S. 569 (1994);
  • Time, Inc. v. Bernard Geis Associates, 293 F.Supp. 130 (SDNY 1968);
  • Hustler v. Moral Majority, Inc., 796 F.2d 1148 (9th Cir. 1986).
Cases Addressing the Tension Between Private Rights and the Public Domain:
  • Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539, 558 (1985);
  • Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 219 (1954);
  • United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 U.S. 131,158 (1948);
  • Twentieth Century Music Corporation v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151, 156 (1975);
  • Sony Corp. V. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 429 (1984).
First Amendment Interests Potentially Threatened by Retroactive Extension:
  • Chilling/Overbreadth: See, e.g., Campbell v. Acuff-Rose, 510 U.S. 569 (1994), Time, Inc. v. Bernard Geis Associates, 293 F.Supp. 130 (SDNY 1968); see also Stephen Fraser, The Conflict Between the First Amendment and Copyright Law and Its Impact on the Internet, 16 Cardozo Arts & Ent. L.J. 1, 15-16 (1998)(discussing the copyright problems and First Amendment implications of Roy Lichenstein, Andy Warhol, Jeff Koons, and Marcel DuChamp).
  • Right to Receive Information: See, e.g., Martin v. City of Struthers, 318 U.S. 141, 149 (1949), Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 U.S. 301, 308 (Brennan, J., concurring), Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 482 (1965), Virginia Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Consumer Council, 425 U.S. 748, 756-57 (1976), PG&E v. Public Utilities Commission of California, 475 U.S. 1,8 (1986), First Nat'l Bank of Boston v. Belloti, 435 U.S. 765, 783 (1978), Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 386-90 (1960).
  • Right to Unfettered Use of Information: See, e.g., The Florida Star v. BJF, 491 U.S. 524 (1989), Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co., 443 U.S. 97 (1979), Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829(1978).
  • Impact on the "Marketplace of Ideas": See, e.g., Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 386-90 (1960), New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), Abrams v. U.S., 250 U.S. 616 (1919)(Holmes, J., dissenting).
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