Hacking, Hackers, and Hacktivism

April 9

Spend five minutes with anyone who studies “hackers” and you will quickly learn that the term is used to define a wide array of discrete subcultures, from homebrew computer programmers all the way through to military-industrial network vulnerability experts. If there is one unifying characteristic amongst all of these cultures (and there may not be), it is most likely the acknowledgement between these groups that the limitations imposed by code as a mode of regulating behavior can, and should, be subverted. Today we look to hackers, who they are, what they do, and what rules and norms govern those who do not recognize code as a governing influence.

Readings

Defining hackers, hacking, and hacktivism

• Gabriella Coleman, Phreaks, Hackers, and Trolls: The Politics of Transgression and Spectacle (from The Social Media Reader)

• Molly Sauter, Activist DDOS Campaigns: When Similes and Metaphors Fail (video, watch from to 1:56 to 21:44)

• Sauter uses the term "DDoS" throughout. This is an abbreviation for "distributed denial of service," a specific form of attack to a web server described in more detail here.

Case studies

• Jeff Ward-Bailey, Hacking Tool Threatens Healthcare.gov Site

• Wikipedia, Operation Payback

Law enforcement responses

• United States Department of Justice, Prosecuting Computer Crimes (read pages 1-11: Introduction to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and Key Definitions)

• Wikipedia, Operation Sundevil

Emergent concerns

• James Ball, Secrecy Surrounding “Zero-Day Exploits” Industry Spurs Calls for Government Oversight

Optional Readings

• Intelligence Squared Debate: "The Cyberwar Threat Has Been Grossly Exaggerated" (an Oxford-style debate with Marc Rotenberg, Bruce Schneier, Mike McConnell, and Jonathan Zittrain; watch the video of the debate)

• TorrentFreak, Pirate Parties Use Influence to Halt Anonymous’ Operation Payback

• Benjamen Walker, Doing it for the LULZ (from Too Much Information) (11:00 to 22:45 only, language at times is NSFW)

• Christopher Soghoian, The Growing Trade in Software Security Exploits

• Andy Sellars, The Impact of "Aaron's Law" on Aaron Swartz's Case

• Nicole Perlroth, Hackers in China Attacked The Times for Last 4 Months (New York Times)

Class Discussion

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