Notes on the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act: Difference between revisions

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== FASTR provisions ==
== FASTR provisions ==


* The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research (FASTR) Act is the successor to the [[Notes on the Federal Research Public Access Act|Federal Research Public Access Act]] (FRPAA). FRPAA had been introduced in three earlier sessions of Congress (May 2006, April 2009, and February 2012) but never came up for a vote. In the 113th Congress, Congressional supporters of OA decided to introduce a modified bill. The result is FASTR, a strengthened version of FRPAA. Both bills would require open access (OA) to peer-reviewed manuscripts of articles reporting the results of federally-funded research.
* The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research (FASTR) Act is a bill in the US Congress to require open access to the results of most federally-funded research. It's the successor to the [[Notes on the Federal Research Public Access Act|Federal Research Public Access Act]] (FRPAA). FRPAA had been introduced in three earlier sessions of Congress (May 2006, April 2009, and February 2012) but never came up for a vote. In the 113th Congress, Congressional supporters of OA decided to introduce a modified bill. The result is FASTR, a strengthened version of FRPAA.  
<!-- * See the [http://doyle.house.gov/sites/doyle.house.gov/files/documents/2013%2002%2014%20DOYLE%20FASTR%20FINAL.pdf text of the bill], from the office of Rep. Mike Doyle, one of the co-sponsors in the House. -->
<!-- * See the [http://doyle.house.gov/sites/doyle.house.gov/files/documents/2013%2002%2014%20DOYLE%20FASTR%20FINAL.pdf text of the bill], from the office of Rep. Mike Doyle, one of the co-sponsors in the House. -->


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*# Both apply to research funded "in whole or in part" (4.b.1) by one of the covered federal agencies.
*# Both apply to research funded "in whole or in part" (4.b.1) by one of the covered federal agencies.
*# Both call for OA "as soon as practicable" after publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and both require OA "no later than 6 months" after publication (4.b.4). Both require immediate OA (unembargoed OA) for works by government-employed researchers (4.c).
*# Both call for OA "as soon as practicable" after publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and both require OA "no later than 6 months" after publication (4.b.4). Both require immediate OA (unembargoed OA) for works by government-employed researchers (4.c).
*#* '''Update July 27, 2015'''. The Johnson-Carper Substitute Amendment would allow embargoes up to 12 months, with a stated preference for shorter embargoes. It would also create a procedure for adjusting an agency's maximum permissible embargo, when the change would serve "the public, industries, and the scientific community." See [http://sparc.arl.org/blog/fastr-be-considered-senate-committee SPARC's July 27, 2015 description] of the amendment and its political rationale.
*#* Update July 27, 2015. The Johnson-Carper Substitute Amendment would allow embargoes up to 12 months, with a stated preference for shorter embargoes. It would also create a procedure for adjusting an agency's maximum permissible embargo, when the change would serve "the public, industries, and the scientific community." See [https://sparcopen.org/news/2015/fastr-to-be-considered-by-senate-committee/ SPARC's July 27, 2015 description] of the amendment and its political rationale.
*#* Update August 2, 2017. In the 115th Congress, the Senate version of the bill follows the Johnson-Carper amendment from the 114th Congress, and caps embargoes at 12 months, but the House version follows the original version of FASTR and caps embargoes at six months. This is the first time the Senate and House versions of the bill have differed.
*# Both avoid copyright problems by requiring agency policies to "make effective use of any law or guidance relating to the creation and reservation of a Government license that provides for the reproduction, publication, release, or other uses of a final manuscript for Federal purposes" (4.c.3).  
*# Both avoid copyright problems by requiring agency policies to "make effective use of any law or guidance relating to the creation and reservation of a Government license that provides for the reproduction, publication, release, or other uses of a final manuscript for Federal purposes" (4.c.3).  
*# Both exempt classified research, unpublished research, royalty-producing research such as books, and patentable discoveries (4.d.3).
*# Both exempt classified research, unpublished research, royalty-producing research such as books, and patentable discoveries (4.d.3).
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* Also see:
* Also see:
** The [http://www.arl.org/sparc/resources/sparc-faq-for-the-fair-access-to-science-and-techn.shtml FAQ on the bill] from SPARC
** The [https://sparcopen.org/our-work/fastr/faq/ FAQ on the bill] from [https://sparcopen.org/ SPARC], updated to reflect the versions introduced in the 115th Congress
** The [http://wyden.senate.gov/download/?id=93ab22b9-0f28-45ee-b2d7-8c5eb79792b9 summary of the bill] from Sen. Ron Wyden's office (download-only PDF)
** The [http://wyden.senate.gov/download/?id=93ab22b9-0f28-45ee-b2d7-8c5eb79792b9 summary of the bill] from Sen. Ron Wyden's office (February 2013)


== FASTR in the 115th Congress ==
== FASTR in the 115th Congress ==
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* '''FASTR in the Senate''' (S. 1701)
* '''FASTR in the Senate''' (S. 1701)
** Introduced on August 2, 2017, by [http://cornyn.senate.gov/ John Cornyn] (R-TX) and [http://wyden.senate.gov/ Ron Wyden] (D-OR).
** Introduced on August 2, 2017, by [http://cornyn.senate.gov/ John Cornyn] (R-TX) and [http://wyden.senate.gov/ Ron Wyden] (D-OR).
*** New co-sponsor added November 14, 2017: [http://warren.senate.gov/ Elizabeth Warren] (D-MA).
*** Current tally: 3 co-sponsors (1 Republican, 2 Democrats)
** The Senate version caps embargoes at 12 months; the House version caps them at six months.
** Follow the Senate version of FASTR in:
** Follow the Senate version of FASTR in:
*** [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.115s1701 Congress.gov]
*** [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.115s1701 Congress.gov]
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<!-- *** [http://www.opencongress.org/bill/115-s1701/actions OpenCongress] -->
<!-- *** [http://www.opencongress.org/bill/115-s1701/actions OpenCongress] -->
*** [https://www.popvox.com/us/federal/bills/115/s1701 PopVox]
*** [https://www.popvox.com/us/federal/bills/115/s1701 PopVox]
** The bullets above are for the stand-alone version of FASTR. On October 18, 2017, [https://www.paul.senate.gov/ Rand Paul] (R-KY) [https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/sen-rand-paul-introduces-bill-overhaul-federal-research-grant-system introduced] the BASIC Research Act (S. 1973), incorporating much of the language of FASTR, and including other provisions unrelated to open access.
*** So far there is no version of the BASIC Research Act in the House.
*** So far there are no co-sponsors for the BASIC Research Act.
*** Follow the Senate version of the BASIC Research Act in:
**** [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.115s1973 Congress.gov]
**** [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s115-1973 GovTrack.us]
**** [https://www.popvox.com/us/federal/bills/115/s1973 PopVox]


* '''FASTR in the House''' (H.R. 3427)
* '''FASTR in the House''' (H.R. 3427)
** Introduced on July 26, 2017, by [http://yoder.house.gov/ Kevin Yoder] (R-KS), [http://doyle.house.gov/ Mike Doyle] (D-PA), and [http://lofgren.house.gov/ Zoe Lofgren] (D-CA).
** Introduced on July 26, 2017, by [http://doyle.house.gov/ Mike Doyle] (D-PA), [http://yoder.house.gov/ Kevin Yoder] (R-KS), and [http://lofgren.house.gov/ Zoe Lofgren] (D-CA).
*** New co-sponsor added September 26, 2017: [http://khanna.house.gov/ Ro Khanna] (D-CA)  
*** New co-sponsor added November 14, 2017: [http://jordan.house.gov/ Jim Jordan] (R-OH)
*** Current tally: 5 co-sponsors (2 Republicans, 3 Democrats)
** The House version caps embargoes at six months; the Senate version caps them at 12 months.
** Follow the House version of FASTR in:
** Follow the House version of FASTR in:
*** [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.115hr3427 Congress.gov]
*** [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.115hr3427 Congress.gov]
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== Major statements of support ==
== Major statements of support ==


* Ten US library, publishing, and public-interest organizations:  [http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association], [http://www.aahsl.org/ Association of Academic and Health Science Libraries], [http://www.arl.org/ Association of College and Research Libraries], [http://www.arl.org/ Association of Research Libraries], [http://creativecommons.org/ Creative Commons], [http://www.eff.org/ Electronic Frontier Foundation], [http://www.gwla.org/ Greater Western Library Alliance], [http://www.publicknowledge.org/ Public Knowledge], [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science], and the [http://www.arl.org/sparc/ Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC). See their [http://web.archive.org/web/20130602222044/http://www.sparc.arl.org/bm~doc/oawg_thanks_fastr_final-copy.pdf joint open letter] to Rep. Doyle, February 14, 2013. Some of these organizations have released separate statements as well.
* Ten US library, publishing, and public-interest organizations:  [http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association], [http://www.aahsl.org/ Association of Academic and Health Science Libraries], [http://www.arl.org/ Association of College and Research Libraries], [http://www.arl.org/ Association of Research Libraries], [http://creativecommons.org/ Creative Commons], [http://www.eff.org/ Electronic Frontier Foundation], [http://www.gwla.org/ Greater Western Library Alliance], [http://www.publicknowledge.org/ Public Knowledge], [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science], and the [https://sparcopen.org/ Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC). See their [http://web.archive.org/web/20130602222044/http://www.sparc.arl.org/bm~doc/oawg_thanks_fastr_final-copy.pdf joint open letter] to Rep. Doyle, February 14, 2013. Some of these organizations have released separate statements as well.


* [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science] (PLoS). See the [http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2013/02/plos-welcomes-introduction-of-us-legislation-for-open-access/ statement], February 14, 2013.
* [http://www.plos.org/ Public Library of Science] (PLoS). See the [http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2013/02/plos-welcomes-introduction-of-us-legislation-for-open-access/ statement], February 14, 2013.
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* [http://www.ku.edu/ University of Kansas]. See the [http://today.ku.edu/2015/04/10/provost-responds-fastr-refiling statement], April 10, 2015.
* [http://www.ku.edu/ University of Kansas]. See the [http://today.ku.edu/2015/04/10/provost-responds-fastr-refiling statement], April 10, 2015.


* [http://sparc.arl.org/ SPARC]. See the [http://sparc.arl.org/news/sparc-applauds-senate-committee-action-on-public-access-legislation statement], July 29, 2015.  
* [https://sparcopen.org/ SPARC]. See the [https://sparcopen.org/news/2015/sparc-applauds-senate-committee-action-on-public-access-legislation/ statement], July 29, 2015.
** Also see SPARC's [https://sparcopen.org/our-work/fastr/ newer statement], undated but c. August 2017.


* [http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association]. See the [http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2015/07/libraries-cheer-passage-strong-open-access-legislation-us-senate statement], July 29, 2015.  
* [http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association]. See the [http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2015/07/libraries-cheer-passage-strong-open-access-legislation-us-senate statement], July 29, 2015.
** Also see the ALA's [http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/files/content/govinfo/Sign-ons/SENATE_OAWG%20FASTR%20Support%20Letter_115Congress_FINAL.pdf newer statement], September 18, 2017, signed by the ALA and 14 national and regional library, publishing, funding, research and advocacy organizations.


== Major statements of opposition ==  
== Major statements of opposition ==  
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* For steps you can take to support FASTR, see:
* For steps you can take to support FASTR, see:
** The [http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/action/FASTR_calltoaction.shtml FASTR support page] from the [http://www.taxpayeraccess.org Alliance for Taxpayer Access] (ATA).
<!-- this page works but several years old; revive when updated:
** The [http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/action/FASTR_calltoaction.shtml action page] from the [http://www.taxpayeraccess.org Alliance for Taxpayer Access] (ATA). -->
<!--
<!--
** Use the ATA's [http://www.congressweb.com/cweb2/index.cfm/siteid/sparc Legislative Action Center] to write to your Congressional delegation about FASTR.
** Use the ATA's [http://www.congressweb.com/cweb2/index.cfm/siteid/sparc Legislative Action Center] to write to your Congressional delegation about FASTR.
** Post a [http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/action/support-fastr-banners.shtml FASTR-support banner] on your web site.
** Post a [http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/action/support-fastr-banners.shtml FASTR-support banner] on your web site.
-->
-->
** The [http://cqrcengage.com/ala/app/write-a-letter?1&engagementId=118673 FASTR support page] from the [http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association].
<!-- ** The [http://cqrcengage.com/ala/app/write-a-letter?1&engagementId=118673 action page] from the [http://www.ala.org/ American Library Association]. -->
** The [https://action.eff.org/o/9042/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=9061 FASTR support page] from the [https://www.eff.org/ Electronic Frontier Foundation] (EFF).
** See the [https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/08/open-access-cant-wait-pass-fastr-now action page] from the [https://www.eff.org/ Electronic Frontier Foundation] (EFF).
** The [http://www.sparc.arl.org/advocacy/national/fastr FASTR support page] from [http://www.sparc.arl.org/ Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC).
<!-- an earlier support page from EFF, superseded by one above
https://action.eff.org/o/9042/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=9061 FASTR -->
** See the [https://sparcopen.org/our-work/fastr/act/ action page] from the [https://sparcopen.org Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC).


* Write or phone members of Congress.
* Write or phone members of Congress.
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** Contact the members of the committees to which the bills were referred, showing your support and urging them to support the bills as well.  
** Contact the members of the committees to which the bills were referred, showing your support and urging them to support the bills as well.  
** US citizens should contact their Representatives and Senators, urging them to support or co-sponsor the bills.  
** US citizens should contact their Representatives and Senators, urging them to support or co-sponsor the bills.  
** You can find contact info for members of Congress in [http://www.congressmerge.com/onlinedb/powersearch.htm CongressMerge]. For co-sponsors of the House and Senate versions of the bills, and the committees to which the bills were referred, clink on the links [[#FASTR in the 114th Congress|above]].
** You can find contact info for members of Congress in [https://www.usa.gov/elected-officials USA.gov] or [https://www.contactingcongress.org/ Contacting Congress]. For co-sponsors of the House and Senate versions of the bills, and the committees to which the bills were referred, clink on the links [[#FASTR in the 115th Congress|above]].


* If you're writing a letter to a member of Congress and need help with language or ideas, here are some models to follow or adapt:
* If you're writing a letter to a member of Congress and need help with language or ideas, here are some models to follow or adapt:
** The SPARC [http://www.sparc.arl.org/advocacy/national/fastr#Talking talking points] or [http://www.sparc.arl.org/advocacy/national/fastr/template template letter].  
** The SPARC [https://sparcopen.org/our-work/fastr/talking-points/ talking points] or [https://sparcopen.org/our-work/fastr/template-letter-fastr/ template letter].  
** The major public [[#Major statements of support|statements of support]], listed above.
** The major public [[#Major_statements_of_support|statements of support]], listed above.


* If your society or university press is a [http://publishers.org/members/ member] of the [http://www.publishers.org/ Association of American Publishers] (AAP), ask it disavow the [http://web.archive.org/web/20130305150326/http://www.publishers.org/press/94/ AAP's public opposition] to FASTR. Ask your society or press to make clear that the AAP did not consult its members and is not speaking for all its members.
* If your society or university press is a [http://publishers.org/members/ member] of the [http://www.publishers.org/ Association of American Publishers] (AAP), ask it disavow the [http://web.archive.org/web/20130305150326/http://www.publishers.org/press/94/ AAP's public opposition] to FASTR. Ask it to make clear that the AAP is not speaking for all its members and did not consult its members.


== Discussion and analysis ==
== Discussion and analysis ==


* On the [[Open Access Tracking Project]], see news and comment tagged with [http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.fastr oa.fastr].
* On the [[Open Access Tracking Project]], see news and comment tagged with [http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.fastr ''oa.fastr''].


* On [https://plus.google.com/ Google+], see the posts tagged with [https://plus.google.com/s/%22Fair%20Access%20to%20Science%20and%20Technology%20Research%22%20OR%20fastr%20OR%20%23fastr #fastr].
* On [https://plus.google.com/ Google+], see the posts tagged with [https://plus.google.com/s/%22Fair%20Access%20to%20Science%20and%20Technology%20Research%22%20OR%20fastr%20OR%20%23fastr #fastr].
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* HOAP director Peter Suber published a detailed [http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10403682/SPARC%2003%3a02%3a13.html?sequence=1#fastr&obama analysis of FASTR] in March 2013.
* HOAP director Peter Suber published a detailed [http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10403682/SPARC%2003%3a02%3a13.html?sequence=1#fastr&obama analysis of FASTR] in March 2013.
** For his articles on FRPAA (predecessor of FASTR) over a six-year period, see our [http://bit.ly/hoap-frpaa reference page on FRPAA].
** For his articles on FRPAA (predecessor of FASTR) over a six-year period, see our [http://bit.ly/hoap-frpaa reference page on FRPAA].
** For his answers to frequently heard objections to FRPAA (which are nearly the same as frequently heard objections to FASTR), see the [[Notes_on_the_Federal_Research_Public_Access_Act#Reminders | Reminders section]] of the [[Notes_on_the_Federal_Research_Public_Access_Act | HOAP reference page on FRPAA]].

Revision as of 16:24, 15 November 2017

FASTR provisions

  • The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research (FASTR) Act is a bill in the US Congress to require open access to the results of most federally-funded research. It's the successor to the Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA). FRPAA had been introduced in three earlier sessions of Congress (May 2006, April 2009, and February 2012) but never came up for a vote. In the 113th Congress, Congressional supporters of OA decided to introduce a modified bill. The result is FASTR, a strengthened version of FRPAA.
  • Comparing FASTR and FRPAA is a good way to show the major provisions of each and why FASTR is stronger than FRPAA. (Section numbers in parentheses refer to FASTR, not FRPAA.)
  • How FASTR and FRPAA are alike:
    1. Both cover the same set of agencies, namely, those spending at least $100 million/year to fund extramural research (Section 4.a).
      • This includes the Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Education, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Science Foundation.
    2. Both give agencies one year from the passage of the bill (4.a) to develop their policies in conformity with the guidelines laid down in the bill.
    3. Both mandate "public access" (4.a.1, 4.b, 4.f.2.A), "free online public access" (4.b.4), and "free public access" (4.b.7.B, 4.f.2.A) without defining these terms.
    4. Both mandate green OA (through repositories) (4.b.7.A), and are silent on gold OA (through journals).
    5. Both require deposit of the final version of the author's peer-reviewed manuscript (4.b.1). Both allow consenting publishers to replace that version with the published version (4.b.3).
    6. Both give agencies freedom to designate a suitable repository for the mandatory deposits, when suitability includes "free public access, interoperability, and long-term preservation" (4.b.7). Agencies may host their own repositories, the way NIH hosts PubMed Central, or ask grantees to deposit in suitable institutional or disciplinary repositories.
    7. Both apply to research funded "in whole or in part" (4.b.1) by one of the covered federal agencies.
    8. Both call for OA "as soon as practicable" after publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and both require OA "no later than 6 months" after publication (4.b.4). Both require immediate OA (unembargoed OA) for works by government-employed researchers (4.c).
      • Update July 27, 2015. The Johnson-Carper Substitute Amendment would allow embargoes up to 12 months, with a stated preference for shorter embargoes. It would also create a procedure for adjusting an agency's maximum permissible embargo, when the change would serve "the public, industries, and the scientific community." See SPARC's July 27, 2015 description of the amendment and its political rationale.
      • Update August 2, 2017. In the 115th Congress, the Senate version of the bill follows the Johnson-Carper amendment from the 114th Congress, and caps embargoes at 12 months, but the House version follows the original version of FASTR and caps embargoes at six months. This is the first time the Senate and House versions of the bill have differed.
    9. Both avoid copyright problems by requiring agency policies to "make effective use of any law or guidance relating to the creation and reservation of a Government license that provides for the reproduction, publication, release, or other uses of a final manuscript for Federal purposes" (4.c.3).
    10. Both exempt classified research, unpublished research, royalty-producing research such as books, and patentable discoveries (4.d.3).
    11. Both are explicit in not amending copyright law or patent law (4.e).
  • How FASTR and FRPAA differ:
    1. FASTR contains a new provision on coordinating agency policies (4.a.2): "To the extent practicable, Federal agencies required to develop a policy...shall follow common procedures for the collection and depositing of research papers." This will reduce the burden on universities that need to comply with procedures at more than one agency, and should have no detrimental effect on OA. Indeed, it should improve compliance with agency OA policies.
    2. FASTR contains three new provisions calling for libre OA or open licensing:
      • FASTR includes a new "finding" in its preamble (2.3): "[T]he United States has a substantial interest in maximizing the impact and utility of the research it funds by enabling a wide range of reuses of the peer-reviewed literature that reports the results of such research, including by enabling computational analysis by state-of-the-art technologies."
      • FASTR includes a formatting and licensing provision (4.b.5): the versions deposited in repositories and made OA shall be distributed "in formats and under terms that enable productive reuse, including computational analysis by state-of-the-art technologies."
      • FASTR requires that the annual report from each covered agency include a statement from the agency on "whether the terms of use applicable to such research papers are effective in enabling productive reuse and computational analysis by state-of-the-art technologies" (4.f.2.B.i) and the results of the agency's "examination of whether such research papers should include a royalty-free copyright license that is available to the public and that permits the reuse of those research papers, on the condition that attribution is given to the author or authors of the research and any others designated by the copyright owner" (4.f.2.B.ii).

FASTR in the 115th Congress

  • FASTR in the Senate (S. 1701)
    • Introduced on August 2, 2017, by John Cornyn (R-TX) and Ron Wyden (D-OR).
      • New co-sponsor added November 14, 2017: Elizabeth Warren (D-MA).
      • Current tally: 3 co-sponsors (1 Republican, 2 Democrats)
    • The Senate version caps embargoes at 12 months; the House version caps them at six months.
    • Follow the Senate version of FASTR in:
    • The bullets above are for the stand-alone version of FASTR. On October 18, 2017, Rand Paul (R-KY) introduced the BASIC Research Act (S. 1973), incorporating much of the language of FASTR, and including other provisions unrelated to open access.
      • So far there is no version of the BASIC Research Act in the House.
      • So far there are no co-sponsors for the BASIC Research Act.
      • Follow the Senate version of the BASIC Research Act in:
  • FASTR in the House (H.R. 3427)
    • Introduced on July 26, 2017, by Mike Doyle (D-PA), Kevin Yoder (R-KS), and Zoe Lofgren (D-CA).
      • New co-sponsor added September 26, 2017: Ro Khanna (D-CA)
      • New co-sponsor added November 14, 2017: Jim Jordan (R-OH)
      • Current tally: 5 co-sponsors (2 Republicans, 3 Democrats)
    • The House version caps embargoes at six months; the Senate version caps them at 12 months.
    • Follow the House version of FASTR in:

FASTR in the 114th Congress

FASTR in the 113th Congress

Major statements of support

Major statements of opposition

Action in support of FASTR

  • Write or phone members of Congress.
    • Thank the sponsors who introduced the bills in the House and Senate.
    • Contact the members of the committees to which the bills were referred, showing your support and urging them to support the bills as well.
    • US citizens should contact their Representatives and Senators, urging them to support or co-sponsor the bills.
    • You can find contact info for members of Congress in USA.gov or Contacting Congress. For co-sponsors of the House and Senate versions of the bills, and the committees to which the bills were referred, clink on the links above.

Discussion and analysis