Bibliography for Item 1 in BGP/Murray et all - here

"In this setting, openness not only impacts innovation incentives within a given research line but also encourages exploration and investment in new and speculative research directions. We identify three main channels whereby openness can influence the level and nature of scientific research. First, by reducing the costs of accessing key research inputs, openness encourages new researchers to enter, thus increasing the diversity of academic research participants1. Second, openness makes researchers with high levels of freedom (academics) more likely to engage in experiments that broaden the horizontal diversity of research lines, in part because subsequent openness implies that their research can itself have subsequent impact across a wide range of research lines. Finally, there is the expropriation effect whereby an increase in the level of openness of an upstream research reduces the costs associated with the exploitation of that tool in research along a given vertical research line. Overall, our theoretical discussion suggests that, particularly in research settings characterized by high levels of freedom, openness not only increases the overall flow of research output, it should also be closely associated with the establishment and exploration of entirely new research lines. Moreover, while openness should effect both basic and applied research, the impact on basic research will, we predict, dominate when researchers in the pre-openness period face high fixed costs of initiating a new line of research. In contrast, the increase in applied research will dominate when significant basic research has already been conducted." (pg 3) (Murray et all, 2009)

"Thus openness increased the social value of operating any stage (particularly earlier stages) under academic freedom. The idea that openness favors cross-fertilization also implies that it should widen the pool of researchers and research institutions working on a particular research idea, since one key feature of academia is the fact that diverse researchers experiment with scienti�c ideas to investigate their full potential. What openness does is to reduce the �xed cost of 'entering' a particular research area to conduct these investigations." (pg 9)(Murray et all, 2009)

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