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==Current Status Of Study of the Field Materials Used in the Paper | ==Current Status Of Study of the Field Materials Used in the Paper== | ||
Analysis of the field with basis on [https://cyber.law.harvard.edu/commonsbasedresearch/Field_Research_Methodology Field Research Methodology] | Analysis of the field with basis on [https://cyber.law.harvard.edu/commonsbasedresearch/Field_Research_Methodology Field Research Methodology] | ||
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# [[Peer-Production Business models in Kits]] | # [[Peer-Production Business models in Kits]] | ||
# [[Open Business models in Kits]] | # [[Open Business models in Kits]] | ||
==Current Status Of Study of the Diagnostic Kits Bibliography Used in the Paper== | |||
[[Diagnostic Kits/Bibliography|Bibliography]] | |||
*American Civil Liberties Union : BRCA: Genes and Patents. Available at: http://www.aclu.org/freespeech/gen/39556res20090512.html [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
*Caulfield, Timothy, 2009. Do Gene Patents Hurt Research? Available at: http://www.scienceprogress.org/2009/10/do-gene-patents-hurt-research/comment-page-1/#comment-6370 | |||
*Cho, M.K. et al., 2003. Effects of patents and licenses on the provision of clinical genetic testing services. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics: JMD, 5(1), 3-8. Available at: http://jmd.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/5/1/3 [Accessed August 10, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Effects of patents and licenses on the provision of clinical genetic testing services|Highlights]] | |||
*Cohen, W.M., Merrill, S.A. & Economy, N.R.C., 2003. Patents in the knowledge-based economy, National Academies Press. | |||
*'''*Cook-Deegan, R., Chandrasekharan, S. & Angrist, M., 2009. The dangers of diagnostic monopolies. Nature, 458(7237), 405-406.''' | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/The dangers of diagnostic monopolies|Highlights]] | |||
*Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization in Multiplex and Esoteric Testing: A Roadmap to Diagnostics in the 21st Century - market research report. Available at: http://www.reportlinker.com/p091997/Diagnostic-Test-Service-Commercialization-in-Multiplex-and-Esoteric-Testing-A-Roadmap-to-Diagnostics-in-the-21st-Century.html?utm_source=LivePR&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=LivePR [Accessed August 6, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization in Multiplex and Esoteric Testing|Highlights]] | |||
*DPD: DNA Patent Database. Available at: http://dnapatents.georgetown.edu/ [Accessed August 10, 2009]. | |||
*Eisenberg, R. Noncompliance, 2008. Nonenforcement, Nonproblem? Rethinking the Anticommons in Biomedical Research. Houston Law Review Available at: # www.houstonlawreview.org/archive/downloads/45-4_pdf/03_âEisenberg.pdf [Accessed November 20, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Nonenforcement, Noneproblem Rethinking the Anticommons in Biomedical Research|Highlights]] | |||
*Elfenbein, D.W., 2006. Publications, Patents, and the Market for University Inventions. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=739227 [Accessed October 2, 2009]. | |||
*Esther van Zimmeren et al. 2006.Bulletin of the World Health Organization - A clearing house for diagnostic testing: the solution to ensure access to and use of patented genetic inventions? Available at: http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862006000500013 [Accessed August 10, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/A clearing house for diagnostic testing: the solution to ensure access to and use of patented genetic inventions|Highlights]] | |||
* Farkas and Holland. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: two sides of the coin. The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (2009) vol. 11 (4) pp. 263-5. [Accessed 14 Dec 2009: http://jmd.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/11/4/263] | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Direct-to-consumer genetic testing- two sides of the coin|Highlights]] | |||
* Flockhart et al. Clinically Available Pharmacogenomics Tests. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009) Available at: http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v86/n1/abs/clpt200939a.html | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Clinically Available Pharmacogenomics Tests|Highlights]] | |||
*Furness, et. al. The evaluation of diagnostic laboratory tests and complex biomarkers, (2008) Available at: http://www.phgfoundation.org/pages/work7.htm | |||
*Garcia, L. & Shimizu, R., 1997. Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35(6), 1526-1529. | |||
*Geertrui Van Overwalle et al., 2005. Models for facilitating access to patents on genetic inventions. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n2/full/nrg1765.html [Accessed August 10, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Models for facilitating access to patents on genetic inventions|Highlights]] | |||
*Gibson, J., The Discovery of Invention: Gene Patents and the Question of Patentability. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1347087 [Accessed October 29, 2009]. | |||
*Goodman et al. The Value of Diagnostics: Innovation, Adoption and Diffusion Into Health Care. (2005) pp. 44-71. Available at: http://www.advamed.org/MemberPortal/About/Resources/ | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/The Value of Diagnostics: Innovation, Adoption and Diffusion Into Health Care|Highlights]] | |||
*Hélène Dernis, 2007. Nowcasting Patent Indicators, OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. Available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/stiaaa/2007-3-en.html. | |||
*Heller, M.A. & Eisenberg, R.A. Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research. Science 280, 698-701 (1998). | |||
*Henry, M. et al. 2002. DNA Patenting and Licensing Available at: http://www.bioethics.upenn.edu/prog/ethicsgenes/pdf/henry_etal_Science20020823.pdf [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/DNA Patenting and Licensing|Highlights]] | |||
*Henry, M.R., Cho, M.K., Weaver, M.A., Merz, J.F. A pilot survey on the licensing of DNA inventions. J. Law Med. Ethics, 31:442-449, 2003 Available at: http://www.bioethics.upenn.edu:16080/prog/ethicsgenes/ [Accessed September 10, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/A pilot survey on the licensing of DNA inventions|Highlights]] | |||
*'''*Herder, M., Patents & the Progress of Personalized Medicine: Biomarkers Research as Lens. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1435468 [Accessed October 1, 2009].''' | |||
**[[Diagnostic Kits/Patents and the Progress of Personalized Medicine|Highlights]] | |||
*Hoag, H., 2004. Testing new ground. Nature, 429(6992), 682-3 | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Testing new ground|Highlights]] | |||
*Holman, Christopher M., The Impact of Human Gene Patents on Innovation and Access: A Survey of Human Gene Patent Litigation. UMKC Law Review, Vol. 76, p. 295, 2007. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1090562 | |||
*Holman, C.M., 2008. GENETICS: Trends in Human Gene Patent Litigation. Science, 322(5899), 198-199. | |||
*J.D, M.A.H.P. & Munzer, S.R., Intellectual Property Rights in Genes and Gene Fragments: A Registration Solution for Expressed Sequence Tags. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=241236 [Accessed October 30, 2009]. | |||
*Howlett, M.J. & Christie, A.F., An Analysis of the Approach of the European, Japanese and United States Patent Offices to Patenting Partial DNA Sequences (ESTs). SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=573184 [Accessed October 30, 2009]. | |||
*'''*Huys et al. Legal uncertainty in the area of genetic diagnostic testing. NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (2009) vol. 27 (10) pp. 903-909. Available at http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n10/abs/nbt1009-903.html [accessed Nov 2 2009].''' | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Legal uncertainty in the area of genetic diagnostic testing|Highlights]] | |||
*J.D, M.A.H.P. & Munzer, S.R., Intellectual Property Rights in Genes and Gene Fragments: A Registration Solution for Expressed Sequence Tags. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=241236 [Accessed October 30, 2009]. | |||
*Jensen, K. & Murray, F., 2005. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: Enhanced: Intellectual Property Landscape of the Human Genome. Science, 310(5746), 239-240. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Intellectual Property Landscape of the Human Genome|Highlights]] | |||
* Kalorama Information (Rosen). Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization: A Roadmap to Diagnostics in the 21st Century. (2008) | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization- A Roadmap to Diagnostics in the 21st Century|Highlights]] | |||
*Kane, E., Molecules and Conflict: Cancer, Patents, and Women's Health. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=960772 Accessed October 30, 2009. | |||
*Kane, E., Patent-Mediated Standards in Genetic Testing. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1495820 Accessed October 29, 2009. | |||
*'''Kaye, J., Hawkins, N., and J. Taylor. (2007). Patents and translational research in genomics. Nature Biotechnology 25(7):739.''' | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Patents and translational research in genomics|Highlights]] | |||
* '''Kling. Diagnosis or drug? Will pharmaceutical companies or diagnostics manufacturers earn more from personalized medicine?''' EMBO reports (2007) vol. 8 (10) pp. 903-6. Accessed December 14, 2009 at http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v8/n10/full/7401080.html | |||
** [[Diagnostic Kits/Diagnosis or drug- Will pharmaceutical companies or diagnostics manufacturers earn more from personalized medicine|Highlights]] | |||
*Laakmann, A. Restoring the Genetic Commons: A "Common Sense" Approach to Biotechnology Patent in Restoring the Genetic Commons, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review 14 MITTLR 43 (2007). | |||
* Lei et al. Patents versus patenting: implications of intellectual property protection for biological research. NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (2009) vol. 27 (1) pp. 36-40. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n1/full/nbt0109-36.html | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Patents versus patenting: implications of intellectual property protection for biological research|Highlights]] | |||
*Macer, D.R.J., 2002. Patent or perish? An ethical approach to patenting human genes and proteins. The Pharmacogenomics Journal, 2(6), 361-366. Available at: http://www.nature.com/tpj/journal/v2/n6/full/6500140a.html [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
*McGill Centre for Intellectual Property Policy, 2005, Biotechnology and Intellectual Property: Reinventing the Commons: Workshop Report. Available at: www.cipp.mcgill.ca/data/events/00000017_en.pdf [Accessed November 20, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Reinventing the Commons|Highlights]] | |||
*Merz, J.F. et al., 2002. Diagnostic testing fails the test. Nature, 415(6872), 577-579.(Garcia & Shimizu 1997) Available at: http://repository.upenn.edu/bioethics_papers/48/ [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostic testing fails the test|Highlights]] | |||
*Merz, J.F., 2002. Patents limit medical potential of sequencing. Nature, 419(6910), 878. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Patents limit medical potential of sequencing|Highlights]] | |||
*Merz, J.F., 1999. Disease Gene Patents: Overcoming Unethical Constraints on Clinical Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem, 45(3), 324-330.(Merz 1999) Available at: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/3/324 [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Disease Gene Patents|Highlights]] | |||
*Mills, A.E. & Tereskerz, P., 2008. DNA-based patents: an empirical analysis. Nat Biotech, 26(9), 993-995. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/DNA-based patents: an empirical analysis|Highlights]] | |||
*Mills, A.E. & Tereskerz, P.M., 2007. Changing patent strategies: what will they mean for the industry? Nat Biotech, 25(8), 867-868. | |||
*Morrison & Foerster : Legal Updates & News : Press Releases : Morrison & Foerster Represents ACON Laboratories in $175 Million Acquisition by Inverness Medical Innovations, Resolving Patent Litigation Between the Two Companies Over Rapid Diagnostic Techno. Available at: http://www.mofo.com/news/media/files/pr02058.html [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Morrison and Foerster Represents ACON Laboratories in $175 Million Acquisition by Inverness Medical Innovations|Highlights]] | |||
*Mueller, J.M., Public Access Versus Proprietary Rights in Genomic Information: What Is the Proper Role of Intellectual Property Rights? SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1367849 [Accessed October 30, 2009]. | |||
*Muller, A et. al., Protecting Biotechnological Inventions in Brazil and Abroad: Draft, Scope and Protecting Biotechnological Inventions in Brazil and Abroad: Draft, Scope, and Interpretation of Claims 2002, Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 13 ALBLJST 145 (2002). | |||
*NanoLogix Provides Operations Update and Notification of Shareholder Meeting - FOXBusiness.com. Available at: http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/health-care/nanologix-provides-operations-update-notification-shareholder-meeting/ [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
*Nelson. The market economy, and the scientific commons. Research Policy (2004) vol. 33 (3) pp. 455-471 | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/The market economy, and the scientific commons|Highlights]] | |||
*National Institutes of Health (NIH), Public Health Service, DHHS, NIH Principles and Guidelines for Sharing of Biomedical Resources -- Final (December 1999) Available at: http://www.ott.nih.gov/policy/research_tool.aspx | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/NIH Principles and Guidelines for Sharing of Biomedical Resources|Highlights]] | |||
*National Research Council of the National Academies â Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in Genomic and Protein Research and Innovation. Reaping the benefits of genomic and proteomic research: intellectual property rights, innovation, and public health. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2005. Available from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11487.html, Also Available from: http://books.google.com/books?id=crZWVfYNmtgC&lpg=PP1&ots=jaiZTMGZOU&dq=Reaping%20the%20Benefits%20of%20Genomic%20and%20Proteomic%20Research%3A%20Intellectual%20Property%20Rights%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Public%20Health&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false | |||
*Ouellette, L.L., Access to Bio-Knowledge: From Gene Patents to Biomedical Materials. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1431580 [Accessed October 29, 2009]. | |||
* Palombi. The Search for Alternatives to Patents in the 21st Century. (2009) pp. 1-42 | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/The Search for Alternatives to Patents in the 21st Century|Highlights]] | |||
*Paradise, J., European Opposition to Exclusive Control Over Predictive Breast Cancer Testing and the Inherent Implications for United States Patent Law and Public Policy: A Case Study of the Myriad Genetics' BRCA Patent Controversy. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=897507 [Accessed October 30, 2009]. | |||
*Phillips, K.a., Van Bebber, S. & Issa, A.M., 2006. Diagnostics and biomarker development: priming the pipeline. Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 5(6), 463-9. | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostics and biomarker development- priming the pipeline|Highlights]] | |||
* Palombi, L. The Search for Alternatives to Patents in the 21st Century. (2009) Available at http://cgkd.anu.edu.au/menus/publications.php#palombi | |||
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/The Search for Alternatives to Patents in the 21st Century|Highlights]] | |||
*Pressman, L. et al., 2006. The licensing of DNA patents by US academic institutions: an empirical survey. Nat Biotech, 24(1), 31-39 | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/The licensing of DNA patents by US academic institutions|Highlights]] | |||
*Priorities for Personalized Medicine, Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), September 2008 Available at: http://www.ostp.gov/galleries/PCAST/pcast_report_v2.pdf | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Priorities for Personalized Medicine|Highlights]] | |||
*Saez, C., Changing Winds For Gene Patenting In the US? Stakeholders React To Draft Report, October 2009 Available at: http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/2009/10/29/changing-winds-for-gene-patenting-in-the-us-stakeholders-react-to-draft-report/ | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Changing Winds For Gene Patenting In the US? Stakeholders React To Draft Report|Highlights]] | |||
*Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and SocietyâPublic Consultation Draft Report on Gene Patents and Licensing Practices and Their Impact on Patient Access to Genetic Tests (Draft Report for Public Comment) [excerpts]. Biotechnology Law Report, 28(3), 417-442 (2009). Available at: http://oba.od.nih.gov/SACGHS/sacghs_documents.html#GHSDOC_011 | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/SACGHS_Gene_Patents_and_Licensing_Practices|Highlights]] | |||
*'''*Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and SocietyâPublic Consultation Final Draft Report on Gene Patents and Licensing Practices and Their Impact on Patient Access to Genetic Tests - September 17, 2009''' | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/SACGHS_Gene_Patents_and_Licensing_Practices_Final_Report|Highlights]] | |||
*'''*Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and SocietyâPublic Consultation Draft Report on Gene Patents and Licensing Practices and Their Impact on Patient Access to Genetic Tests - Appendix 1: Compendium of Case Studies on the Impact of Gene Patents and Licensing Practices on Access to Genetic Testing. (2009) Available at: http://oba.od.nih.gov/SACGHS/sacghs_documents.html#GHSDOC_011.''' | |||
** [[SACGHS Appendix 1- Compendium of Case Studies on the Impact of Gene Patents and Licensing Practices on Access to Genetic Testing|highlights]] | |||
*'''*Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society, U.S. System of Oversight of Genetic Testing: A Response to the Charge of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, April 2008. Available at: http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/SACGHS/reports/SACGHS_oversight_report.pdf [Accessed July 8, 2009].''' | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/SACGHS_U.S. System of Oversight of Genetic Testing|Highlights]] | |||
*Shapiro, C., Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard-Setting, 2001, Innovation Policy and the Economy (Vol. I) (Jaffe, Adam B. et al., eds), pp. 119-150, MIT Press Available at: http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/thicket.pdf [Accessed December 6, 2009] | |||
*The Economic Impact of Licensed Commercialized Inventions Originating in University Research, 1996-2007, Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) Available at http://www.bio.org/ip/techtransfer/BIO_final_report_9_3_09_rev_2.pdf. | |||
*Torrance, A.W., Patenting Human Evolution. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1300615 [Accessed October 30, 2009]. | |||
*Verbeure, B. et al., 2006. Patent pools and diagnostic testing. Trends in Biotechnology, 24(3), 115-120.(Verbeure et al. 2006) Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4J4HK5P-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8c0fd5a6f1431a3cbfc9ff2f37470c3b [Accessed August 8, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Patent pools and diagnostic testing|Highlights]] | |||
*Verbeure, B., Matthijs, G. & Van Overwalle, G., 2005. Analysing DNA patents in relation with diagnostic genetic testing. Eur J Hum Genet, 14(1), 26-33. Available at: http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v14/n1/full/5201503a.html [Accessed August 11, 2009]. | |||
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Analysing DNA patents in relation with diagnostic genetic testing|Highlights]] | |||
*Walsh JP, Arora A, Cohen WM. Effects of research tool patents and licensing on biomedical innovation. In: Cohen WM, Merrel SA, (editors). Patents in the knowledge-based economy. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2003. p. 285-340. | |||
*Walsh, J. , Cho, C. & Cohen, W.M. Patents, Material Transfers and Access to Research Inputs in Biomedical Research (Final Report to the National Academy of Sciences' Committee [on] Intellectual Property Rights in Genomic and Protein-Related Research Inventions, 20 September 2005). | |||
*Walters, L., 2006. Professor Examines Licensing of DNA Patents Available at: http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Newsroom/NHGRIRelatedReleases/LicensingofDNAPatents.pdf [Accessed August 5, 2009]. | |||
*Wilson et al., Biomarker Development, Commercialization, and Regulation: Individualization of Medicine Lost in Translation, 81 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 153 (2007). | |||
*Wolrad Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, Research Tool Patents After Integra v. MerckâHave They Reached a Safe Harbor?, 14 Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev. 367 (2008), available at http://www.mttlr.org/volfourteen/waldeck.pdf | |||
*World Patent Report: A Statistical Review 2008 Available at: http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/wipo_pub_931.html |
Revision as of 14:53, 15 December 2009
Current Status Of Study of the Field Materials Used in the Paper
Analysis of the field with basis on Field Research Methodology
Currently Part of the Paper:
- Overview of Economics of Intellectual Property in Kits
- Give an overall picture of the Kits' sector
- Legal tools available for and in use by the actors of Kits' sector: IP in Kits
Not Currently Part of the Paper:
- Outputs and Products of the field: data, narratives and tools produced by the Kits' sector
- competitive advantages in Kits
- IP Profile of Biggest for-profit companies in Kits
- IP Profile of non-profit companies in Kits
- IP Profile of Universities working in Kits
- IP Profile of Associations in Kits
- Commons based cases in Kits
- Peer-Production Business models in Kits
- Open Business models in Kits
Current Status Of Study of the Diagnostic Kits Bibliography Used in the Paper
- American Civil Liberties Union : BRCA: Genes and Patents. Available at: http://www.aclu.org/freespeech/gen/39556res20090512.html [Accessed August 5, 2009].
- Caulfield, Timothy, 2009. Do Gene Patents Hurt Research? Available at: http://www.scienceprogress.org/2009/10/do-gene-patents-hurt-research/comment-page-1/#comment-6370
- Cho, M.K. et al., 2003. Effects of patents and licenses on the provision of clinical genetic testing services. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics: JMD, 5(1), 3-8. Available at: http://jmd.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/5/1/3 [Accessed August 10, 2009].
- Cohen, W.M., Merrill, S.A. & Economy, N.R.C., 2003. Patents in the knowledge-based economy, National Academies Press.
- *Cook-Deegan, R., Chandrasekharan, S. & Angrist, M., 2009. The dangers of diagnostic monopolies. Nature, 458(7237), 405-406.
- Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization in Multiplex and Esoteric Testing: A Roadmap to Diagnostics in the 21st Century - market research report. Available at: http://www.reportlinker.com/p091997/Diagnostic-Test-Service-Commercialization-in-Multiplex-and-Esoteric-Testing-A-Roadmap-to-Diagnostics-in-the-21st-Century.html?utm_source=LivePR&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=LivePR [Accessed August 6, 2009].
- DPD: DNA Patent Database. Available at: http://dnapatents.georgetown.edu/ [Accessed August 10, 2009].
- Eisenberg, R. Noncompliance, 2008. Nonenforcement, Nonproblem? Rethinking the Anticommons in Biomedical Research. Houston Law Review Available at: # www.houstonlawreview.org/archive/downloads/45-4_pdf/03_âEisenberg.pdf [Accessed November 20, 2009].
- Elfenbein, D.W., 2006. Publications, Patents, and the Market for University Inventions. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=739227 [Accessed October 2, 2009].
- Esther van Zimmeren et al. 2006.Bulletin of the World Health Organization - A clearing house for diagnostic testing: the solution to ensure access to and use of patented genetic inventions? Available at: http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862006000500013 [Accessed August 10, 2009].
- Farkas and Holland. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: two sides of the coin. The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD (2009) vol. 11 (4) pp. 263-5. [Accessed 14 Dec 2009: http://jmd.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/11/4/263]
- Flockhart et al. Clinically Available Pharmacogenomics Tests. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009) Available at: http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v86/n1/abs/clpt200939a.html
- Furness, et. al. The evaluation of diagnostic laboratory tests and complex biomarkers, (2008) Available at: http://www.phgfoundation.org/pages/work7.htm
- Garcia, L. & Shimizu, R., 1997. Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35(6), 1526-1529.
- Geertrui Van Overwalle et al., 2005. Models for facilitating access to patents on genetic inventions. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n2/full/nrg1765.html [Accessed August 10, 2009].
- Gibson, J., The Discovery of Invention: Gene Patents and the Question of Patentability. SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1347087 [Accessed October 29, 2009].
- Goodman et al. The Value of Diagnostics: Innovation, Adoption and Diffusion Into Health Care. (2005) pp. 44-71. Available at: http://www.advamed.org/MemberPortal/About/Resources/
- Hélène Dernis, 2007. Nowcasting Patent Indicators, OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. Available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/stiaaa/2007-3-en.html.
- Heller, M.A. & Eisenberg, R.A. Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research. Science 280, 698-701 (1998).
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