Biotechnology - Genomic and Proteomics/IP Profile of Biggest for-profit companies in BGP/BGP Company Profiles - Data: Difference between revisions

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==NIH==
{{TOCright}}


* '''Narratives:''' NIH open access policy (see [[BGP Company Profiles - Data]])
= Introduction =
* All research projects that get funding from the NIH must make their manuscripts publicly available (http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2009/04/nih-oa-mandate-after-one-year.html)
** possibly has had effect of increasing total use of scientific material. March 2008 (pre-NIH mandate) pub med had 550,000 articles downloaded. March 2009 (1 year after the mandate) there were 680,000
* thus far successful - people are participating
* receiving challenges from congress (Conyers)
* Other examples around the world:
** Wellcome Trust in England,
** Italian National Institute of Health (ISS)
*Statement of policy: “The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law.” (http://publicaccess.nih.gov/policy.htm)
*Reaction
*Publishers seem to be complying, but grudgingly: Wiley-Blackwell statement on NIH policy: they will publish the articles to PubMed, but only 12 months after initial publication (http://cheeptalk.wordpress.com/2009/03/16/wiley-blackwell-policy-on-nih-open-access-mandate/)
*Association of American Publishers (AAP) is against the policy - says the government is mandating certain business models (http://openeducationnews.org/2009/04/10/nih-open-access-mandate-one-year-later/)


==Celera==
* UAEM Transparency Project <br>
* [[BGP Table of Biggest For-Profit Companies]]


==Amgen==
=Abraxis BioScience=
===Who===
* Headquarters in Los Angeles
* 383 employees (LinkedIn "Abraxis BioSciences")
* nab technology platform (Abraxis BioSciences, "About Us")
* Abraxan - treats metastatic breast cancer (Abraxis BioSciences, "About Us")
* Protosphere - patented nanoparticle technology
* Focus on cancer and heart treatments
* 2007 splits into two separate companies - Abraxis BioScience and Abraxis Pharmaceutical Products (Abraxis BioSciences, "Abraxis BioScience Announces Plan to Separate Into Two Independent Public Companies")
* 2009, 4th quarter loss despite high sales
* 2009, spins off new company focusing on Biomarkers and Personalized medicine (Business Wire, "Abraxis BioScience Announces Plan")
* Others/Notes:
** List of publications (Abraxis BioSciences, "Publications")
** Partnership with UCLA's nanosystem's institute (Marcus, "UCLA’s California NanoSystems Institute Partners With Abraxis BioScience")
** Collaboration with National Comprehensive Cancer Network and AstraZeneca to conduct anti-cancer drug studies (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, [http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=30925 "NCCN, Abraxis BioScience and AstraZeneca Announce Collaboration"])
 
=Amgen=
* Headquarters: Thousand Oaks, CA
* 16,900 employees (2008 Corporate report)
* 16,900 employees (2008 Corporate report)
* History of acquisition (http://www.amgen.com/about/acquisitions.html):
* [http://www.amgen.com/about/acquisitions.html History of acquisition]:
** 1994 - Synergen, Inc.
** 1994 - Synergen, Inc.
** 2000 - Kinetix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
** 2000 - Kinetix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Line 28: Line 33:
** 2007 - Ilypsa, Inc.
** 2007 - Ilypsa, Inc.
** 2007 - Alantos Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.
** 2007 - Alantos Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.
* Subsidiaries (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Amgen-Inc-Company-History.html):
* [http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Amgen-Inc-Company-History.html Subsidiaries]:
**Amgen Australia Pty Ltd.;  
**Amgen Australia Pty Ltd.;  
** Amgen N.V.; Amgen Canada Inc.;  
** Amgen N.V.; Amgen Canada Inc.;  
Line 43: Line 48:
**Amgen Limited (U.K.);  
**Amgen Limited (U.K.);  
**Amgen Sales Corporation (West Indies).
**Amgen Sales Corporation (West Indies).
* Unlike many biotech companies, has been consistently profitable. Net profit in 2006 was US$2.9Billion (http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/companyprofile.asp?guid=8632C7AC-1633-4198-8551-BB79570C668D)
* Unlike many biotech companies, has been consistently profitable. Net profit in 2006 was [http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/companyprofile.asp?guid=8632C7AC-1633-4198-8551-BB79570C668D US$2.9 Billion]
* Managed to turn itself from a drug research company into a pharmaceutical company while maintaining steady sales - extremely rare in the industry (http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Amgen-Inc-Company-History.html)
* [http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Amgen-Inc-Company-History.html History]: **Managed to turn itself from a drug research company into a pharmaceutical company while maintaining steady sales - extremely rare in the industry.  
** Founded in 1980. By 1986 was starting to turn a profit, but did so not through drug development but through research partnerships with established pharma firms
** Founded in 1980. By 1986 was starting to turn a profit, but did so not through drug development but through research partnerships with established pharma firms
** 1987, develop erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates red blood cell creation. Sold the marketing rights to Johnson&Johnson
** 1987, develop erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates red blood cell creation. Sold the marketing rights to Johnson&Johnson
** Epogen proves to hugely popular - over $250m in sales in 1991 alone
** Epogen proves to hugely popular - over $250m in sales in 1991 alone
** Between 1992 and 1996, Amgen's R&D budget goes from $182 million to $663 million
** Between 1992 and 1996, Amgen's R&D budget goes from $182 million to $663 million
* It has ten approved drugs for 15 conditions, 23 agents are being tested earlier in the approval pipeline as of 2009
** drugs include: Epogen, Aranesp, Enbrel, Kineret, Neulasta, Neupogen, Sensipar / Mimpara and Nplate
* As a [http://en.scientificcommons.org/40666678 side-result of this research, also publishes in academic journals]
* Others/Notes:
** Amgen - marketing and R&D collaborations with (Powell pp. 72): ARRIS, Envirogen, Glycomex, Guilford, Interneuron, Regeneron, and Zynaxis. these companies develop the product that Amgen later produces and markets. Perhaps there are instances of commons-like sharing here. Further investigation needed
** Seems to be engaging in some instances of open-ended research with universities. e.g., [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Axys+-+Amgen+Collaboration+Determines+the+X-Ray+Crystal+Structure+of...-a053047665 collaboration with] [http://www.wi.mit.edu/ MIT's Whitehead institute]
** Further instances of academic collaboration [http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Pressreleases/PressRelease.aspx?PageID=201 here]
** The results of some scientific collaborations are being released into the  [http://en.scientificcommons.org/40666678 commons]
* It says its [http://switch.atdmt.com/action/deicrm_N53107Policy_6 committed to] sharing clinical testing results as soon as possible


===What===
=Biogen Idec=
* ten approved drugs for 15 conditions, 23 agents are being tested earlier in the approval pipeline
* Headquarters: Kendall Scquare, Cambridge
** drugs include: Epogen, Aranesp, Enbrel, Kineret, Neulasta, Neupogen, Sensipar / Mimpara and Nplate
* from Wikipedia: commercial affiliates in "Germany, France, Spain/Portugal, UK/Ireland, the Benelux, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Austria"
* As a side-result of this research, also publishes in academic journals (e.g. http://en.scientificcommons.org/40666678)
* Research centers in San Diego and Research Triangle Park, N.C.
* Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and a treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which is co-marketed with Genentech
* Most revenue derived from Avonex, it's MS treatment
* 2003, Biogen and IDEC merge
* Others/Notes:
** Gives [http://www.biogenidec.com/site/community-relations.html] educational grants to med schools
** Sponsors [http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/health-care/biogen-idec-present-th-annual-citi-biotech-day/ "Citi Biotech Day"]
** Has US$100million venture capital fund to encourage Biotech research
** Cooperated with Genentech to research and produce lymphoma treatment
** Has the [http://www.biogenidec.com/site/biogen-idec-innovation-incubator.html Biogen Idec Innovation Incubator (bi3)], and has a history of buying start-ups ventures 
** Provides [http://www.biogenidec.com/citizenship_communitylab.html Student labs for high school students in Cambridge and San Diego]
 
 
=Celgene=
* Headquarters: Summit, New Jersey
* ~1,300 employees (circa 2007)
* Thalomid, treats erythema nodosum leprosum ("ENL")
* Revlimid, for multiple myeloma
* Receives royalties from Novartis for production of Ritalin
* Also offers service: LifeBankUSA, a placental and cord bank holding (Celgene, "Products and Services")
* 1986, spun off from Celanese Corporation
* 1998, receives approval for Thalomid
* 2000, reaches licensing agreement with Novartis for producing Ritalin
* 2002, acquires Anthrogenesis Corporation
* 2005, approval for Revlimid (Celgene, "History")
* 2009, Celgene stocks are in decline (Seeking Alpha, "Celgene Breaking New Lows, But Hopefully Not Much Lower")
* 2009, reporting lower sales, apparently because of overall economic decline
* Others/Notes:
** Collaboration with Cornell Medical School (Weill Cornell Medical College, "Celgene Corporation and Weill Cornell Initiate Research Program")
** Research collaboration with Pharmacopeia (All Business, "Pharmacopeia achieves research milestone")
** Multi-year research collaboration with Galapagos (Laboratory Talk, "Celgene and Galapagos in target collaboration")
** research collaboration with AxCell BioSciences (Access My Library "AxCell Biosciences establishes research collaboration with Celgene Corp.")


===Where===
=Cephalon=
* Thousand Oaks, CA
* Headquarters: Frazer, PA
* 3,000 employees
* Leading product - Provigil, to treat sleep disorder
* Focus on Neurodegenerative diseases
* has acquired the following firms: CIMA Labs, Anesta, and Laboratoire Lafon
* Founded in 1987, CEO Frank Baldino, Jr., Ph.D
* Failure of neurodegenerative treatment in 1992 - discovered that the drug kept mice awake, turned it into Provigil in 1999 (Cephalon, "Our Story")
* 2008, sales of US$1.943 billion
* 2008 - Treanda - treatment for non-hodgkin's lymphoma - approved and launched
* Stock has posted double-digit earnings this year (Bennett "It's Wake-Up Time for a Drug Maker's Shares")
* 2009 - seeks approval for Nuvigil to treat Jet Lag (Kennedy, "Cephalon To Apply For FDA Approval For Nuvigil For Jet Lag")
* 2009 - studies suggest Nuvigil could also be used to treat Bipolar Depression (Medical News Today, "Cephalon Announces Positive Results From A Phase Two Study Of NUVIGIL In Bipolar Depression")
* 2009 - (unsubstantiated) gossip that Eli Lilly might consider purchasing Cephalon (Feuerstein, "What's on Lilly's Prescription Pad?") Further rumors of take-over: (Steven, "2 Potential Pharma M&A Targets: Cephalon and Genzyme")
* 2009 - bid to take over Australian biotech firm. Interest in its treatments for inflammatory diseases and cancer (Domain-B, "Cephalon opens bid for Aussie bio-technology firm Arana")
*Others/Notes:
** Interesting: Three areas for establishing collaborative studies (Cephalon, "Research Partnerships"):
*** Pre-clinical studies - has simple online form for obtaining Cephalon products for pre-clinical studies. Response within a month.
*** Cephalon-sponsored studies - can apply to work as an investigator in a Cephalon study
*** Investigator Sponsored Studies (ISS) - investigator herself designs the trial, gets the regulatory approval, interprets and communicates the results. It appears that you just submit a proposal, and if approved, Cephalon will fund the study (Cephalon, "Going Further in Research")
** Foster business collaborations(Cephalon, "Business Collaboration")
** Negative test results are being used to further general research on Parkinson's disease (Cephalon, "Our Science")
** Corporate giving for health advocacy, science education, and community building in locations where Cephalon has offices (Cephalon, "Corporate Giving")
** 2006 - collaboration with Ambit Biosciences to research kinase inhibitors (B-Net, "Ambit Biosciences Announces Discovery and Development Collaboration with Cephalon, Inc. Focused on Kinase Inhibitors")
** Alzheimer's disease research collaboration with Scherring-Plough
** Collaboration with Abbott Laboratories to produce and develop Gabitril, an anti-epilepsy drug (PR Newswire, "Abbott Laboratories and Cephalon Sign Collaboration Agreement for Gabitril(R) (Tiagabine Hydrochloride) in the United States")


===News===
=Celera=
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
* Amgen - marketing and R&D collaborations with (Powell pp. 72): ARRIS, Envirogen, Glycomex, Guilford, Interneuron, Regeneron, and Zynaxis. these companies develop the product that Amgen later produces and markets. Perhaps there are instances of commons-like sharing here. Further investigation needed
* Seems to be engaging in some instances of open-ended research with universities. e.g., collaboration with MIT's Whitehead institute (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Axys+-+Amgen+Collaboration+Determines+the+X-Ray+Crystal+Structure+of...-a053047665)
** Further instances of academic collaboration here: http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Pressreleases/PressRelease.aspx?PageID=201
** The results of some scientific collaborations are being released into the commons: http://en.scientificcommons.org/40666678
* Says its committed to sharing clinical testing results as soon as possible (http://switch.atdmt.com/action/deicrm_N53107Policy_6)


==Genentech==
=Genentech=
===Who===
* Headquarters: South San Francisco
* 11,000 employees ("Genentech," Wikipedia)
* 11,000 employees ("Genentech," Wikipedia)
* Owned by Swiss pharma company Hoffman - La Roche ("Hoffman-La Rouche," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche)
* Owned by Swiss pharma company Hoffman - La Roche ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche Hoffman-La Rouche])
**
* synthetic human insulin was their first famous product, many others produced using the Boyer-Cohen rDNA process  
===What===
* [http://en.scientificcommons.org/genentech_inc Papers by] company employees
* synthetic human insulin - their first famous product, many others produced using the Boyer-Cohen rDNA process  
*Others/Notes:
* along with data, has produced narratives: http://en.scientificcommons.org/genentech_inc
** [http://www.apple.com/ca/press/2002/02/genentech.html Collaborated with Apple] to create Open Source search engine for protein and DNA sequences called [http://www.apple.com/downloads/macosx/math_science/agblast.html Apple/Genentech BLAST]
===Where===
** Hoffman-La Rouche is engaging in academic collaboration to study the safety of InnoMed PredTox ("Hoffman-La Rouche," Wikipedia)
* South San Francisco
* In general, this seems to be a company that [http://www.gene.com/gene/research/researchvision.html encourages its scientists to publish]
===News===
** [http://en.scientificcommons.org/genentech_inc examples of papers]
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
** [http://ecorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?mid=1614 Video of Genentech's Joe McCracken explaining incentives to publish]
* Collaborated with Apple to create Open Source search engine for protein and DNA sequences (http://www.apple.com/ca/press/2002/02/genentech.html)
** [http://www.gene.com/gene/research/researchvision.html It has four-year post-doctoral program] and also offers [http://www.gene.com/gene/pipeline/fellowship/ Clinical Research Fellowships]
* Hoffman-La Rouche is engaging in academic collaboration to study the safety of InnoMed PredTox ("Hoffman-La Rouche," Wikipedia)
** [http://www.gene.com/gene/reagents-program/reagents-program.jsp Supplies reagents] for other research organizations' work
* In general, this seems to be a company that encourages its scientists to publish: http://www.gene.com/gene/research/researchvision.html
** [http://www.gene.com/gene/news/press-releases/press_statements/ps_122007.html Worked with] the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the American Society of Retina Specialists to develop guidelines and answer questions about Avastin  
** Selected papers: http://en.scientificcommons.org/genentech_inc
** Has a [http://www.gene.com/gene/research/resourceboard/ separate board] to advise the company on issues of scientific research  
** video of Genentechs Joe McCracken explaining incentives to publish (http://ecorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?mid=1614)
** Company gives researchers 20% free time to work on projects of their own
* Has four-year post-doctoral program (http://www.gene.com/gene/research/researchvision.html)
** VP for business development [http://ecorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?mid=1613 says] the organization survives through science, not marketing.
** Also has additional clinical trial program (http://www.gene.com/gene/pipeline/fellowship/)
** [http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/19205 Collaboration] with UC San Diego Scientists
* supplies reagents for other research organizations' work: http://www.gene.com/gene/reagents-program/reagents-program.jsp
** Funds undergraduate research programs through the [http://www.genentechfoundation.com/about_focus.html Genentech Foundation]
* Seems committed to engaging relevant stake-holders in public policy issues. Worked with the American Academy of Opthamology and the American Society of Retina Specialists to develop guidelines and answer questions about Avastin (http://www.gene.com/gene/news/press-releases/press_statements/ps_122007.html)
** Provids [http://news.ucsf.edu/releases/new-ucsf-mission-bay-campus-countrys-largest-biomedical-university-expansio/ infrastructure support] for UCSF
* Has a separate board to advise the company on issues of scientific research (http://www.gene.com/gene/research/resourceboard/)
** [http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2000/D/200003674.html Collaboration with Rockefeller University] to look at therapeutic antibody potency
* company gives researchers 20% free time to work on projects of their own
* VP for business development says the organization survives through science, not marketing.
** http://ecorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?mid=1613
* Collaboration with UC San Diego Scientists (http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/19205)
* Funding for undergraduate research programs (http://www.genentechfoundation.com/about_focus.html)
* Providing infrastructure support for UCSF (http://news.ucsf.edu/releases/new-ucsf-mission-bay-campus-countrys-largest-biomedical-university-expansio/)
* Collaboration with Rockefeller University to look at therapeutic antibody potency (http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2000/D/200003674.html)


==Genzyme==
=Genzyme=
===Who===
* Headquarter Cambridge
* 2007, US$2.89B operating income, $3.81B revenue ("Genzyme," Wikipedia)
* 2007, US$2.89B operating income, $3.81B revenue ("Genzyme," Wikipedia)
===What===
* Cerezyme (treats Gaucher's disease) accounts for 30% of company's revenue  
* Cerezyme (treats Gaucher's disease) accounts for 30% of company's revenue  
* Renagel, for dialysis patients
* Renagel, for dialysis patients
*Fabrazyme, for Fabry's disease
* Fabrazyme, for Fabry's disease
 
* Other/Notes:
===Where===
** Develops community support groups for victims of the diseases it treats, such as [http://www.fabrycommunity.com/en/ Fabry Community] and other at [http://www.genzyme.com/home/global_sites.asp Genzyme Disease Education/Research/Support Sites]
*Cambridge
** Has established [https://www.lsdregistry.net/gaucherregistry/ for victims of Gaucher's disease]
===News===
** All company-sponsored clinical trials registered [www.clinicaltrials.gov Clinical Trials] and at [http://www.genzymeclinicalresearch.com/ Genzyme Clinical Research]
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
** [http://www.genzyme.com/research/patents/pat_home.asp Partial catalog of researchers' publications]
* Developing community support groups for victims of the diseases it treats (e.g. http://www.fabrycommunity.com/global/fc_p_hp_homepage.asp)
** Give [http://www.genzyme.com/commitment/community/grant_application.asp grants] for science education and health-services in local communities
**Complete list of communities at: http://www.genzyme.com/home/global_sites.asp
** [http://www.genzyme.com/corp/media/GENZ%20PR-042208.asp#TopOfPage Building outreach into China]. Will establish research center there by 2010.
* Has established registry for victims of Gaucher's disease (https://www.lsdregistry.net/gaucherregistry/)
* All company-sponsored clinical trials registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (http://www.genzymeclinicalresearch.com/)
* Partial catalog of researchers' publications (http://www.genzyme.com/research/patents/pat_home.asp)
* Grants for science education and health-services in local communities (http://www.genzyme.com/commitment/community/grant_application.asp)
* Building outreach into China. Will establish research center there by 2010. Will it support universities there? (http://www.genzyme.com/corp/media/GENZ%20PR-042208.asp#TopOfPage)
 
==Gilead Sciences==


===Who===
=Gilead Sciences=
* 3,400 hundred employees (http://www.gilead.com/corporate_fact_sheet)
* Headquarters: Foster City, California
* [http://www.gilead.com/corporate_fact_sheet 3,400 hundred employees] as of 2009
* Growth based in large part on acquisition of other companies
* Growth based in large part on acquisition of other companies
===What===
* Products for HIV/AIDS, respiratory and heart conditions, and liver disease
* Products for HIV/AIDS, respiratory and heart conditions, and liver disease
* Over a dozen drugs in the development pipeline, Phase I or later
* Over a dozen drugs in the development pipeline, Phase I or later
*  
* Acquisition history:
===Where===
** 1990 reaches agreement with Glaxo to research and develop "antisense" -- genetic code blockers
* Foster City, California
** Goes public in 1992
 
** 1996 - first commercial product, Vistide, treats cytomegalovirus
===News===
** 1999 - acquires NeXstar Pharmaceuticals
* 1990 reaches agreement with Glaxo to research and develop "antisense" -- genetic code blockers
** 2003 acquires Triangle Pharmaceuticals
* Goes public in 1992
** 2006, FDA approves Atripla for HIV-victims
* 1996 - first commercial product, Vistide, treats cytomegalovirus
** 2006 acquires Corus Pharma, Inc.
* 1999 - acquires NeXstar Pharmaceuticals
** 2006 acquires Myogen, Inc.
* 2003 acquires Triangle Pharmaceuticals
** 2006 acquires Raylo Chemicals, a pharma producer - is Gilead Sciences trying to become a pharma company?
* 2006, FDA approves Atripla for HIV-victims
*Other/Notes:
* 2006 acquires Corus Pharma, Inc.
** Gilead seems to have created an [http://www.gilead-grant.de/disclaimer.html HIV/AIDS Clinical Cooperation Grant]
* 2006 acquires Myogen, Inc.
** publishes the results of clinical trials
* 2006 acquires Raylo Chemicals, a pharma producer - is Gilead Sciences trying to become a pharma company?
** Collaboration with [http://today.ucsf.edu/stories/gilead-sciences-and-gladstone-to-collaborate-on-hiv-targets/ UCSF on HIV targets]
 
** [http://www.gilead.com/access_developing_world Project to bring HIV/AIDS drugs to third-world]
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
* Foundation for bringing [http://www.gilead.com/Gilead_Foundation health care to under-served communities]
* Gilead seems to have created an HIV/AIDS Clinical Cooperation Grant (http://www.gilead-grant.de/disclaimer.html)
* publishes the results of clinical trials
* Collaboration with UCSF on HIV targets (http://today.ucsf.edu/stories/gilead-sciences-and-gladstone-to-collaborate-on-hiv-targets/)
* Project to bring HIV/AIDS drugs to third-world (http://www.gilead.com/access_developing_world)
* Foundation for bringing healthcare to under-served communities (http://www.gilead.com/Gilead_Foundation)
 
==Biogen Idec==
===Who===
 
===What===
* Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and a treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which is co-marketed with Genentech
* Most revenue derived from Avonex, it's MS treatment
 
===Where===
* Kendall Scquare, Cambridge
* from Wikipedia: commercial affiliates in "Germany, France, Spain/Portugal, UK/Ireland, the Benelux, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Austria"
* Research centers in San Diego and Research Triangle Park, N.C.
 
===News===
* 2003, Biogen and IDEC merge
 
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
* Gives educational grants to med schools (http://www.biogenidec.com/site/community-relations.html)
* Sponsors "Citi Biotech Day" (http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/health-care/biogen-idec-present-th-annual-citi-biotech-day/)
* Has US$100million venture capital fund to encourage Biotech research
* Cooperated with Genentech to research and produce lymphoma treatment
* Biogen Idec Innovation Incubator (bi3) seems to be a way for Biogen to buy start-up ventures (http://www.biogenidec.com/site/biogen-idec-innovation-incubator.html)
* Student labs for high school students in Cambridge and San Diego (http://www.biogenidec.com/site/community-relations.html)
 
==Cephalon==
 
===Who===
===What===
===Where===
===News===
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
 
==MedImmune==
 
===Who===
===What===
===Where===
===News===
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
 
==Celgene==
 
===Who===
===What===
===Where===
===News===
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
 
==Abraxis BioScience==
 
===Who===
===What===
===Where===
===News===
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
 
==ImClone Systems==
 
===Who===
===What===
===Where===
===News===
===Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===


==Navigation==
=ImClone Systems=
[[IP Profile of Biggest for-profit companies in BGP]]
==Who==
* 1,100 employees (circa 2007) (Hoovers, "Imclone Systems Incorporated")
==What==
* focus on oncology
* Erbitux for colorectal cancer (FDA, "Erbitux")
==Where==
* Headquartered in New york City
==News==
* founded 1984 (Imclone Systems, "Company Overview")
* 1990's, shift in focus from infectious diseases to oncology
* 2001, monoclonal antibody Erbitux fails to get FDA approval. Stocks fell sharply - resulted in insider trading controversy
* 2003, following insider trading crises, general reluctance to invest in the company
* 2006, Carl Icahn acquires majority of the stock, unseats most of board
* 2008, acquired by Eli Lilly
* 2009 ImClone purchase brings down Eli Lilly earnings
==Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News==
* Grants for community development (ImClone Systems, "Imclone Grant Office")
* Collaboration with Merck to produce therapeutic cancer vaccines


[[Biotechnology - Genomic and Proteomics]]
=MedImmune=
==Who==
* ~3,000 employees (MedImmune, "Company Overview")
* Wholly-owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca, a Swedish Pharma company
==What==
* Produces Synagis, which treats respiratory infections in infants
* Also produces FluMist, a nasal spray influenza vaccine
* Proprietary drug-development methods: Phage Display and Ribosome Display (MedImmune, "Drug Development")
==Where==
* Gaithersburg, Maryland
==News==
* 2007, Astra Zeneca acquires MedImmune (Pollack, Andrew, "Five Days; Biotech Deal")
* 2007, Federal advisory panel endorses Flu Vaccine spray (Associated Press, "Panel Endorses Flu Vaccine In a Spray for Young Children")
* 2008, rapid expansion of the company (Murret, Patricia, "Big Gaithersburg biotech gets a boost")
==Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News===
* Sponsors research abstract competition (MedImmune, "MedImmune Announces Winners of Third Annual Research Abstract Competition")
* Establishes research fellowships for pediatric health (MedImmune, "MedImmune Grants Five New Fellowships to Help Expand Premature Infant Follow-Up Care Research")
* Owns MedImmune Ventures, a VC firm to encourage research and investment in the field (MedImmune, " MedImmune Broadens Focus of Venture Capital Fund to Include New Therapeutic Areas")
* Has research collaborations with the following organizations: Burnham Institute, Medarex, Inc., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Micromet AG, Seattle Genetics, Inc., VasGene Therapeutics, Inc., and Xencor, Inc. (MedImmune, "R&D Collaborations")
** Collaboration with Medarex, Inc. to develop drugs for treating autoimmune diseases
** jointly developing treatment for B cell Tumors with Micromet AG
** agreement with Seattle Genetics, Inc. to use it antibody-drug conjugate treatment
* Developing treatment for cervical cancer with GlaxoSmith-Kline (MedImmune, "Strategic Alliances")


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Latest revision as of 17:46, 22 April 2010

Introduction

Abraxis BioScience

  • Headquarters in Los Angeles
  • 383 employees (LinkedIn "Abraxis BioSciences")
  • nab technology platform (Abraxis BioSciences, "About Us")
  • Abraxan - treats metastatic breast cancer (Abraxis BioSciences, "About Us")
  • Protosphere - patented nanoparticle technology
  • Focus on cancer and heart treatments
  • 2007 splits into two separate companies - Abraxis BioScience and Abraxis Pharmaceutical Products (Abraxis BioSciences, "Abraxis BioScience Announces Plan to Separate Into Two Independent Public Companies")
  • 2009, 4th quarter loss despite high sales
  • 2009, spins off new company focusing on Biomarkers and Personalized medicine (Business Wire, "Abraxis BioScience Announces Plan")
  • Others/Notes:
    • List of publications (Abraxis BioSciences, "Publications")
    • Partnership with UCLA's nanosystem's institute (Marcus, "UCLA’s California NanoSystems Institute Partners With Abraxis BioScience")
    • Collaboration with National Comprehensive Cancer Network and AstraZeneca to conduct anti-cancer drug studies (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, "NCCN, Abraxis BioScience and AstraZeneca Announce Collaboration")

Amgen

  • Headquarters: Thousand Oaks, CA
  • 16,900 employees (2008 Corporate report)
  • History of acquisition:
    • 1994 - Synergen, Inc.
    • 2000 - Kinetix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    • 2002 - Immunex Corporation
    • 2004 - Tularik, Inc.
    • 2006 - Abgenix, Inc.
    • 2006 - Avidia, Inc.
    • 2007 - Ilypsa, Inc.
    • 2007 - Alantos Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.
  • Subsidiaries:
    • Amgen Australia Pty Ltd.;
    • Amgen N.V.; Amgen Canada Inc.;
    • Amgen Greater China Ltd.;
    • Amgen GmbH (Germany);
    • Amgen S.A. (France);
    • Amgen S.p.A. (Italy);
    • Amgen K.K. (Japan);
    • Amgen B.V. (Netherlands);
    • Amgen-Biofarmaceutica (Portugal);
    • Amgen S.A. (Spain);
    • Amgen (Europe) AG (Switzerland);
    • Kirin-Amgen, Inc. (Switzerland);
    • Amgen Limited (U.K.);
    • Amgen Sales Corporation (West Indies).
  • Unlike many biotech companies, has been consistently profitable. Net profit in 2006 was US$2.9 Billion
  • History: **Managed to turn itself from a drug research company into a pharmaceutical company while maintaining steady sales - extremely rare in the industry.
    • Founded in 1980. By 1986 was starting to turn a profit, but did so not through drug development but through research partnerships with established pharma firms
    • 1987, develop erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates red blood cell creation. Sold the marketing rights to Johnson&Johnson
    • Epogen proves to hugely popular - over $250m in sales in 1991 alone
    • Between 1992 and 1996, Amgen's R&D budget goes from $182 million to $663 million
  • It has ten approved drugs for 15 conditions, 23 agents are being tested earlier in the approval pipeline as of 2009
    • drugs include: Epogen, Aranesp, Enbrel, Kineret, Neulasta, Neupogen, Sensipar / Mimpara and Nplate
  • As a side-result of this research, also publishes in academic journals
  • Others/Notes:
    • Amgen - marketing and R&D collaborations with (Powell pp. 72): ARRIS, Envirogen, Glycomex, Guilford, Interneuron, Regeneron, and Zynaxis. these companies develop the product that Amgen later produces and markets. Perhaps there are instances of commons-like sharing here. Further investigation needed
    • Seems to be engaging in some instances of open-ended research with universities. e.g., collaboration with MIT's Whitehead institute
    • Further instances of academic collaboration here
    • The results of some scientific collaborations are being released into the commons
  • It says its committed to sharing clinical testing results as soon as possible

Biogen Idec

  • Headquarters: Kendall Scquare, Cambridge
  • from Wikipedia: commercial affiliates in "Germany, France, Spain/Portugal, UK/Ireland, the Benelux, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Austria"
  • Research centers in San Diego and Research Triangle Park, N.C.
  • Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis, Crohn's disease, and a treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which is co-marketed with Genentech
  • Most revenue derived from Avonex, it's MS treatment
  • 2003, Biogen and IDEC merge
  • Others/Notes:


Celgene

  • Headquarters: Summit, New Jersey
  • ~1,300 employees (circa 2007)
  • Thalomid, treats erythema nodosum leprosum ("ENL")
  • Revlimid, for multiple myeloma
  • Receives royalties from Novartis for production of Ritalin
  • Also offers service: LifeBankUSA, a placental and cord bank holding (Celgene, "Products and Services")
  • 1986, spun off from Celanese Corporation
  • 1998, receives approval for Thalomid
  • 2000, reaches licensing agreement with Novartis for producing Ritalin
  • 2002, acquires Anthrogenesis Corporation
  • 2005, approval for Revlimid (Celgene, "History")
  • 2009, Celgene stocks are in decline (Seeking Alpha, "Celgene Breaking New Lows, But Hopefully Not Much Lower")
  • 2009, reporting lower sales, apparently because of overall economic decline
  • Others/Notes:
    • Collaboration with Cornell Medical School (Weill Cornell Medical College, "Celgene Corporation and Weill Cornell Initiate Research Program")
    • Research collaboration with Pharmacopeia (All Business, "Pharmacopeia achieves research milestone")
    • Multi-year research collaboration with Galapagos (Laboratory Talk, "Celgene and Galapagos in target collaboration")
    • research collaboration with AxCell BioSciences (Access My Library "AxCell Biosciences establishes research collaboration with Celgene Corp.")

Cephalon

  • Headquarters: Frazer, PA
  • 3,000 employees
  • Leading product - Provigil, to treat sleep disorder
  • Focus on Neurodegenerative diseases
  • has acquired the following firms: CIMA Labs, Anesta, and Laboratoire Lafon
  • Founded in 1987, CEO Frank Baldino, Jr., Ph.D
  • Failure of neurodegenerative treatment in 1992 - discovered that the drug kept mice awake, turned it into Provigil in 1999 (Cephalon, "Our Story")
  • 2008, sales of US$1.943 billion
  • 2008 - Treanda - treatment for non-hodgkin's lymphoma - approved and launched
  • Stock has posted double-digit earnings this year (Bennett "It's Wake-Up Time for a Drug Maker's Shares")
  • 2009 - seeks approval for Nuvigil to treat Jet Lag (Kennedy, "Cephalon To Apply For FDA Approval For Nuvigil For Jet Lag")
  • 2009 - studies suggest Nuvigil could also be used to treat Bipolar Depression (Medical News Today, "Cephalon Announces Positive Results From A Phase Two Study Of NUVIGIL In Bipolar Depression")
  • 2009 - (unsubstantiated) gossip that Eli Lilly might consider purchasing Cephalon (Feuerstein, "What's on Lilly's Prescription Pad?") Further rumors of take-over: (Steven, "2 Potential Pharma M&A Targets: Cephalon and Genzyme")
  • 2009 - bid to take over Australian biotech firm. Interest in its treatments for inflammatory diseases and cancer (Domain-B, "Cephalon opens bid for Aussie bio-technology firm Arana")
  • Others/Notes:
    • Interesting: Three areas for establishing collaborative studies (Cephalon, "Research Partnerships"):
      • Pre-clinical studies - has simple online form for obtaining Cephalon products for pre-clinical studies. Response within a month.
      • Cephalon-sponsored studies - can apply to work as an investigator in a Cephalon study
      • Investigator Sponsored Studies (ISS) - investigator herself designs the trial, gets the regulatory approval, interprets and communicates the results. It appears that you just submit a proposal, and if approved, Cephalon will fund the study (Cephalon, "Going Further in Research")
    • Foster business collaborations(Cephalon, "Business Collaboration")
    • Negative test results are being used to further general research on Parkinson's disease (Cephalon, "Our Science")
    • Corporate giving for health advocacy, science education, and community building in locations where Cephalon has offices (Cephalon, "Corporate Giving")
    • 2006 - collaboration with Ambit Biosciences to research kinase inhibitors (B-Net, "Ambit Biosciences Announces Discovery and Development Collaboration with Cephalon, Inc. Focused on Kinase Inhibitors")
    • Alzheimer's disease research collaboration with Scherring-Plough
    • Collaboration with Abbott Laboratories to produce and develop Gabitril, an anti-epilepsy drug (PR Newswire, "Abbott Laboratories and Cephalon Sign Collaboration Agreement for Gabitril(R) (Tiagabine Hydrochloride) in the United States")

Celera

Genentech

Genzyme

Gilead Sciences

  • Headquarters: Foster City, California
  • 3,400 hundred employees as of 2009
  • Growth based in large part on acquisition of other companies
  • Products for HIV/AIDS, respiratory and heart conditions, and liver disease
  • Over a dozen drugs in the development pipeline, Phase I or later
  • Acquisition history:
    • 1990 reaches agreement with Glaxo to research and develop "antisense" -- genetic code blockers
    • Goes public in 1992
    • 1996 - first commercial product, Vistide, treats cytomegalovirus
    • 1999 - acquires NeXstar Pharmaceuticals
    • 2003 acquires Triangle Pharmaceuticals
    • 2006, FDA approves Atripla for HIV-victims
    • 2006 acquires Corus Pharma, Inc.
    • 2006 acquires Myogen, Inc.
    • 2006 acquires Raylo Chemicals, a pharma producer - is Gilead Sciences trying to become a pharma company?
  • Other/Notes:
  • Foundation for bringing health care to under-served communities

ImClone Systems

Who

  • 1,100 employees (circa 2007) (Hoovers, "Imclone Systems Incorporated")

What

  • focus on oncology
  • Erbitux for colorectal cancer (FDA, "Erbitux")

Where

  • Headquartered in New york City

News

  • founded 1984 (Imclone Systems, "Company Overview")
  • 1990's, shift in focus from infectious diseases to oncology
  • 2001, monoclonal antibody Erbitux fails to get FDA approval. Stocks fell sharply - resulted in insider trading controversy
  • 2003, following insider trading crises, general reluctance to invest in the company
  • 2006, Carl Icahn acquires majority of the stock, unseats most of board
  • 2008, acquired by Eli Lilly
  • 2009 ImClone purchase brings down Eli Lilly earnings

Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News

  • Grants for community development (ImClone Systems, "Imclone Grant Office")
  • Collaboration with Merck to produce therapeutic cancer vaccines

MedImmune

Who

  • ~3,000 employees (MedImmune, "Company Overview")
  • Wholly-owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca, a Swedish Pharma company

What

  • Produces Synagis, which treats respiratory infections in infants
  • Also produces FluMist, a nasal spray influenza vaccine
  • Proprietary drug-development methods: Phage Display and Ribosome Display (MedImmune, "Drug Development")

Where

  • Gaithersburg, Maryland

News

  • 2007, Astra Zeneca acquires MedImmune (Pollack, Andrew, "Five Days; Biotech Deal")
  • 2007, Federal advisory panel endorses Flu Vaccine spray (Associated Press, "Panel Endorses Flu Vaccine In a Spray for Young Children")
  • 2008, rapid expansion of the company (Murret, Patricia, "Big Gaithersburg biotech gets a boost")

Commons-Based, Peer-Production, and Open Access News=

  • Sponsors research abstract competition (MedImmune, "MedImmune Announces Winners of Third Annual Research Abstract Competition")
  • Establishes research fellowships for pediatric health (MedImmune, "MedImmune Grants Five New Fellowships to Help Expand Premature Infant Follow-Up Care Research")
  • Owns MedImmune Ventures, a VC firm to encourage research and investment in the field (MedImmune, " MedImmune Broadens Focus of Venture Capital Fund to Include New Therapeutic Areas")
  • Has research collaborations with the following organizations: Burnham Institute, Medarex, Inc., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Micromet AG, Seattle Genetics, Inc., VasGene Therapeutics, Inc., and Xencor, Inc. (MedImmune, "R&D Collaborations")
    • Collaboration with Medarex, Inc. to develop drugs for treating autoimmune diseases
    • jointly developing treatment for B cell Tumors with Micromet AG
    • agreement with Seattle Genetics, Inc. to use it antibody-drug conjugate treatment
  • Developing treatment for cervical cancer with GlaxoSmith-Kline (MedImmune, "Strategic Alliances")

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