Diagnostic Kits/Bibliography: Difference between revisions

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== Despite patent challenges, research continues ==
#REDIRECT [[Diagnostic_Kits/Bibliography_by_Resource_Type]]
Interviews with personnel from firms, universities, and other organizations indicate that biomedical research typically proceeds despite challenges posed by a growing number of patents on research tools. Respondents address these challenges with licensing, inventing around patents, going offshore, the development and use of public databases and research tools, court challenges, and simply using the technology without a license (i.e., infringement), often informally invoking a de facto broad "research exemption."
 
* Goodman et al. The Value of Diagnostics: Innovation, Adoption and Diffusion Into Health Care.  (2005) pp. 44-71.  Available at: http://www.advamed.org/MemberPortal/About/Resources/
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/The Value of Diagnostics: Innovation, Adoption and Diffusion Into Health Care|Highlights]]
 
* Hoag, H., 2004. Testing new ground. Nature, 429(6992), 682-3
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Testing new ground|Highlights]]
 
* Kalorama Information (Rosen). Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization: A Roadmap to Diagnostics in the 21st Century.  (2008)
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization- A Roadmap to Diagnostics in the 21st Century|Highlights]]
 
''Proposed Solutions given the Perceived Problem of Access''
*Esther van Zimmeren et al. 2006.Bulletin of the World Health Organization - A clearing house for diagnostic testing: the solution to ensure access to and use of patented genetic inventions? Available at: http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862006000500013 [Accessed August 10, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/A clearing house for diagnostic testing: the solution to ensure access to and use of patented genetic inventions|Highlights]]
 
*Geertrui Van Overwalle et al., 2005. Models for facilitating access to patents on genetic inventions. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n2/full/nrg1765.html [Accessed August 10, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Models for facilitating access to patents on genetic inventions|Highlights]]
 
*Verbeure, B. et al., 2006. Patent pools and diagnostic testing. Trends in Biotechnology, 24(3), 115-120.(Verbeure et al. 2006) Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCW-4J4HK5P-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8c0fd5a6f1431a3cbfc9ff2f37470c3b [Accessed August 8, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Patent pools and diagnostic testing|Highlights]]
 
== Biotech IP literature focus ==
'''Patents on genomic materials vs. compound "composition of matter" patents'''
 
The bulk of the "IP literature" around patents in biotechnology focuses either on (1) the number of patents on genomic materials (i.e., "50% of the genome is patented!") or (2) around the impact of the use of compound "composition of matter" patents on maintaining high drug prices and preventing generic manufacture.
 
*Merz, J.F., 1999. Disease Gene Patents: Overcoming Unethical Constraints on Clinical Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem, 45(3), 324-330.(Merz 1999) Available at: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/3/324 [Accessed August 5, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Disease Gene Patents|Highlights]]
 
== Empirical analysis of the impact of gene patents on research is absent from the literature ==
While the impact of patents on drug prices is undeniable and carries a brutal human cost, very little literature is based on systematic, empirical analysis of the impact of the gene patents on research itself.
 
*Jensen, K. & Murray, F., 2005. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: Enhanced: Intellectual Property Landscape of the Human Genome. Science, 310(5746), 239-240. 
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Intellectual Property Landscape of the Human Genome|Highlights]]
 
''Empirical Research''
*Merz, J.F. et al., 2002. Diagnostic testing fails the test. Nature, 415(6872), 577-579.(Garcia & Shimizu 1997) Available at: http://repository.upenn.edu/bioethics_papers/48/ [Accessed August 5, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostic testing fails the test|Highlights]]
 
*Mills, A.E. & Tereskerz, P., 2008. DNA-based patents: an empirical analysis. Nat Biotech, 26(9), 993-995. 
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/DNA-based patents: an empirical analysis|Highlights]]
 
*Verbeure, B., Matthijs, G. & Van Overwalle, G., 2005. Analysing DNA patents in relation with diagnostic genetic testing. Eur J Hum Genet, 14(1), 26-33. Available at: http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v14/n1/full/5201503a.html [Accessed August 11, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Analysing DNA patents in relation with diagnostic genetic testing|Highlights]]
 
== Are gene patents used in a method similar to drug patents? ==
Gene patents can, and occasionally are, used in a method similar to a drug patent. This occurs most frequently in gene diagnostic testing kits, which carry a regulatory profile similar to drugs, and similar if lower costs
 
== The majority of gene patents are held by universities and remain unlicensed ==
But the vast majority of gene patents are obtained by universities and unlicensed, or by companies and unprosecuted.
 
*Henry, M. et al. 2002. DNA Patenting and Licensing Available at: http://www.bioethics.upenn.edu/prog/ethicsgenes/pdf/henry_etal_Science20020823.pdf [Accessed August 5, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/DNA Patenting and Licensing|Highlights]]
 
*Henry, M.R., Cho, M.K., Weaver, M.A., Merz, J.F. A pilot survey on the licensing of DNA inventions. J. Law Med. Ethics, 31:442-449, 2003 Available at: http://www.bioethics.upenn.edu:16080/prog/ethicsgenes/ [Accessed September 10, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/A pilot survey on the licensing of DNA inventions|Highlights]]
 
*Pressman, L. et al., 2006. The licensing of DNA patents by US academic institutions: an empirical survey. Nat Biotech, 24(1), 31-39
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/The licensing of DNA patents by US academic institutions|Highlights]]
 
== Empirical studies suggest the negative impact gene patents have on research is limited ==
Thus, the empirical surveys of research laboratories in genomics and proteomics report almost no negative impacts of patents on research.
 
*Cho, M.K. et al., 2003. Effects of patents and licenses on the provision of clinical genetic testing services. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics: JMD, 5(1), 3-8. Available at: http://jmd.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/5/1/3 [Accessed August 10, 2009].
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Effects of patents and licenses on the provision of clinical genetic testing services|Highlights]]
 
*Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization in Multiplex and Esoteric Testing: A Roadmap to Diagnostics in the 21st Century - market research report. Available at: http://www.reportlinker.com/p091997/Diagnostic-Test-Service-Commercialization-in-Multiplex-and-Esoteric-Testing-A-Roadmap-to-Diagnostics-in-the-21st-Century.html?utm_source=LivePR&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=LivePR [Accessed August 6, 2009]. 
**[[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostic Test Service Commercialization in Multiplex and Esoteric Testing|Highlights]]
 
* Phillips, K.a., Van Bebber, S. & Issa, A.M., 2006. Diagnostics and biomarker development: priming the pipeline. Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 5(6), 463-9.
** [[Diagnostic_Kits/Diagnostics and biomarker development- priming the pipeline|Highlights]]
 
== Choice of research is unaffected by patent activity ==
It is essential to distinguish between the number of patents extant on genetic materials, the impact of chemical patents on drug prices, the impact of genetic patents on diagnostic kits, and the day-to-day operations of a research lab. While much time and effort has been invested in chronicles of the first three, the consensus is that there is little impact on the fourth.

Latest revision as of 19:51, 17 April 2010

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