1. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1870-1960: The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy (1992), 3-31.

2. Thomas C. Grey, "Langdell’s Orthodoxy," 45 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 1 (1983).

3. Joseph W. Singer, "Property and Coercion in Federal Indian Law: The Conflict between Critical and Complacent Pragmatism," 63 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1821, 1822 (1990).