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                                "*": "[[Image:IMG 2339.JPG|650px|thumb|Participants workshop March 21, 2011]]\n[[Image:Puertadelsol2011.jpg\u200e|300px|thumb|The Puerta del Sol square in Madrid May 2011]]\n[[Image:Tahrir Square on February11.png|300px|thumb|Celebrations in Tahrir Square, Cairo, 2011]]\n[[Image:2011 Greece Uprising.jpg|300px|thumb|Demonstrators in front of the Greek parliament, 29 May.]]\n[[Image:Tunisia Unrest - VOA - Tunis 14 Jan 2011 (2).jpg|300px|thumb|Protesters in downtown Tunis on 14 January 2011]]\n[[Image:W15 Protesters 1807.JPG|300px|thumb|300px|Iceland concentration 20 January 2009]]\n[[Image:Wallst14occupy.jpg|300px|thumb|300px|Protesters near the New York City Police Department, 2011]]\n[[Image:Protesters_gathering_in_Pearl_roundabout.jpg\u200e |300px|thumb|Protesters gathering in Pearl roundabout for the first time since the begging of the 2011 Bahraini uprising]]\n[[Image:Yemen protest.jpg|300px|thumb|Protest in Sanaa, Yemen (February 3, 2011)]]\n[[Image:Demonstration_in_Al_Bayda_(Libya,_2011-07-22).jpg|300px|thumb|Demonstration in Al Bayda Libya, 2011]]\n[[Image:Syntagma Square 'indignados'.png|300px|thumb|Demonstrators in the plaza in front of the Greek parliament, 25 May]]\n[[Image:Anonymous-Bruxelles.jpg|300px|thumb|Anonymous protestors at the Brussels Stock Exchange, Belgium, January 2012]]\n[[Image:Acampada Sol ph18.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sol, 18 May, early morning]]\n[[Image:Occupy_London_Tent.jpg|300px|thumb|Occupy London Tent, 25 May 2011]]\n[[Image:Wall-Street-1.jpg|300px|thumb|Poster OWS 17 September 2011]]\n\n'''Workshop: Understanding the New Wave of Social Cooperation: A Triangulation of the Arab Revolutions, European Mobilizations and the American Occupy Movement'''<br>\n9:00am-5:15pm <br>\nMarch 21st, 2012 <br>\nHarvard University- Cambridge, MA (Boston) <br>\nSocial media hashtag: '''#21M''' '''#occupyresearch''' IRC: #Berkman <br>\n\n= '''Introduction''' = \n\nThis one-day workshop brought together several groups of researchers: members of the Council for European Studies (CES) European Social Movements research network who were in Boston for the Council for European Studies conference (March 22 - 24); scholars at the Berkman Center; and researchers from institutions including the Harvard Kennedy School, MIT's Comparative Media Center, Northwest University and Boston College's'Movements/media Research and Action Project (MRAP).\n\nThe workshop was hosted in the Berkman Center at Harvard University and is organized in cooperation with the Council for European Studies (CES) European Social Movements research network and the collaboration of MIT Comparative media and Occupy Research. [[Organization credits]] \n\n'''Goals and Key Objectives''' \n\nAt this event, we undertook a historically grounded comparative approach that attempted to place these protests and their corresponding forms of social cooperation in context and sought to establish an analytical and theoretical grounding for the study of these events. We did not only investigate each individual case, but also assessed the relationships (or lack thereof) between each of the respective cases. \n\nMore specifically, the workshop analyzed the particular details associated with each national/regional case and identified and discussed any commonalities between them based on a 'triangulation' of current research and understanding on the Arab revolutions, European mobilizations and the American Occupy movement. To facilitate an interactive discussion on these topics during the event, the specific angle of each of the three planned sessions was defined around clusters of participants' interest: \n\n* '''EMERGING ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES''' \nWhich organizational forms were adopted by the movements in each case? What is the role of social media in shaping these emerging forms? Are there similarities among the cases? What do these cases tell us about the conditions and organizational principles of collective action? \n\n* '''WHO MOBILIZED AND WITH WHICH GOALS AND STRATEGIES?''' \nWhat is the movement composition (i.e, who were the actors and what social bases were involved)? In terms of the actors what is the continuity with previous mobilization waves, such as the global justice movement? What were/are the visions and strategies of change in each of the cases? Is there a common political view or strategy among all the cases? What are the significant divisions between actors within each individual case? Are there similar divisions across different cases, and to what extent are the local and national dynamics important in shaping movement configuration? \n\n* '''EXPLANATORY FACTORS AND CONNECTIONS AMONG THE CASES''' \nWhy did social mobilization happen in so many countries at once? Are there similar explanatory factors and historical trajectories that explain why mobilization took place? Is it legitimate to talk about a global wave of mobilization? If so, how are these different cases connected and how might we confirm and document the connections between movements? What are the mechanisms of diffusion and translation among the cases? \n\n'''Objectives:'''\n\nTo achieve the overarching goal of \"triangulating\" of the current research and understanding on the Arab revolutions, European mobilizations and the American Occupy movement, our specific goals were: \n* Contextualize (both historically and from a socio-political perspective) the impact of digital tools in collective action by connecting the social movements studies tradition with the analysis of Internet-based phenomena, which required drawing connections among European, North American, and Arabic approaches to research and analysis. \n* Map and systematically organize existing research and expertise on the current wave of social cooperation and mobilization.\n* Exchange, share, and discuss current work and facilitate synergy among researchers on the topic.\n\n'''Format and methodology'''\n\nThe workshop was intended as an exchange between researchers at the event rather than as an opportunity to disseminate information to other researchers or to the general public. To facilitate interaction among researchers, this workshop avoided conference-style presentations and instead was designed to foster dialogue among individuals working in this space. The format was mainly discussion-based around a series of questions, with the opportunity to share papers in advance of the event itself at this wiki. A maximum of 30 participants were expected at this highly-interactive event. \n\nFor each session, a moderator introduced the theme followed by very short (5 minute) warm up presentations. Then all participants were invited to discuss any and all issues pertaining to the theme. Each session finalized by someone providing a synthesis of the discussion. For each session, we assigned a note taker and like tweeting.\n\nAll workshop discussion were audio recorded for note taking purposes. Live streaming connexion were provided upon request.\n\n[[Schedule]]\n\n[[List of participants]]\n\n'''Contact''' Mayo Fuster Morell at mayofm(at)cyber.law.harvard.edu or Amar Ashar at ashar(at)cyber.law.harvard.edu\n\n= Workshop documentation =\n\n'''Notes sessions:'''\n\n* 9:30 am \u2013 10:30 am EMERGING ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES and 10:45 am-11:45 am CONTINUATION EMERGING ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES [https://docs.google.com/document/d/19VvvBKVGgsVTz1A2PsdobxDzo8mafs8L92e-VFOhOFw/edit Notes session]\n\n* 1:00 pm-2:30 pm WHO MOBILIZED AND WITH WHICH GOALS AND STRATEGIES? [https://docs.google.com/document/d/19VvvBKVGgsVTz1A2PsdobxDzo8mafs8L92e-VFOhOFw/edit Notes session]\n\n* 2:45 pm-4:15 pm EXPLANATORY FACTORS AND CONNECTIONS AMONG THE CASES [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_Vv1G0EgTf0XF-r00c1aeTA3bLmLxRJnMAF21nQmZxE/edit Notes session]\n\n* 4:15 - 5:00 pm Final reflections and next steps: Theoretical Take-Aways and Ways to Rethink Research [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-vGIN5aJw2mXh1JKoSH7MY5dC_AUj3tQ0hAr9J751Rg/edit Notes takes final session]\n\n'''Slides:'''\n\n* Slides presentation Mayo Fuster Morell: [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/21M12socialcooperation/sites/21M12socialcooperation/images/WorkshopMarch212012_MayoFM_Slides.pdf Emerging organizational forms and digital technologies: Spanish State case: \u201cIndignated\u201d/15M mobilization]\n\n'''Audio recording''' of the workshop could be provided upon request.\n\n== Map of case/participant ==\n\n'''USA Occupy movement''' (general): Beth Coleman, Maite Tapia, E. Colin Ruggero, Marcos Ancelovici, William A. (Bill) Gamson, Ofer Sharone, Pablo Rey, Dalida Mar\u00eda Benfield, Nicole Doerr, Tim McCarthy, Martha Fuentes-Bautista \n* '''Boston''': Sasha Costanza-Chock, Pablo Rey, Nicole Doerr, Jeffrey Juris, Jason Pramas, Sandra Ray, Robert J. Wengronowitz, Gabriel Schaffzin\n* '''Pittburg''': Alice Mattoni \n* '''Philadelphia''': E. Colin Ruggero \n\n'''Canada: Montreal''': Marcos Ancelovici\n\n'''Arab Spring''' (general): Rob Faris, Bruce Etling, Alicia Solow-Niederman, William A. (Bill) Gamson\n* '''Tunisia''': Zack Brisson\n* '''Egypt''': Lina Attalah, Zeynep Tufekci, Nagla Rizk, Alicia Solow-Niederman, Zack Brisson, Dalida Mar\u00eda Benfield \n\n'''South African Movements''': Nicole Doerr\n\n'''Israeli Summer''': William A. (Bill) Gamson\n\n'''European dimension''': Cristina Mar\u00eda Flesher Fominaya, Francesca Vassallo, Nicole Doerr, Alexander Trechsel\n* '''Spain''': Mayo Fuster Morell, Pablo Rey, Cristina Mar\u00eda Flesher Fominaya, Marcos Ancelovici \n* '''Germany''': Nicole Doerr, Maite Tapia\n* '''Greece''':  Maria Kousis, Sandra Ray\n* '''Italy''': Alice Mattoni \n* '''UK''': Maite Tapia \n*''' Ireland''': Laurence Cox France : Marcos Ancelovici, Francesca Vassallo \n*''' Poland''': Elzbieta Cizewska\n* '''France''': Marcos Ancelovici\n*''' Russia''': Rob Faris, Bruce Etling\n\n'''Latino-america:'''\n* Venezuela: Martha Fuentes-Bautista \n\n[[Distribution of participants per topics]]\n\n= Bibliographic resources =\n\nPlease add any relevant resource.\n\n== Arab Spring ==\n\n\"Faculty Insights\", AUC Today, Spring 2011 http://www1.aucegypt.edu/publications/auctoday/AUCTodaySpring11/01_Faculty_Insights.htm\n\nAl-Malky, Rania    2007     Blogging for Reform: the Case of Egyp Arab Media and Society (February 2007)   http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20070312143716_AMS1_Rania_Al_Malky.pdf\n\nAlimi, Eitan Y. and David S. Meyer (2012) Seasons of Change: Arab Spring and Political Opportunities. Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue: http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nAnderson, Jon   2003     New Media, New Publics: Reconfiguring the Public Sphere of Islam Social Research 70 (3):888-906   http://www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/policy_library/data/01338\n\nAnderson, Lisa    2011   Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences Between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya Foreign Affairs http://www.ssrresourcecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Anderson-Demystifying-the-Arab-Spring.pdf\n\nAouragh, Miriyam and Anne Alexander. 2011. \u201cThe Egyptian experience.\u201d International Journal of Communication (5): 1344-1358. \n\nAxelford, Barrie    2011   Talk about a Revolution: Social Media and the MENA Uprisings   Globalizations (published by Global Studies Association of North America), Volume 8, Issue 5, 2011 (available via Taylor & Francis Online)     http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2011.621281#preview\n\nBabak Rahimi   2011 The Agonistic Social Media: Cyberspace in the Formation of Dissent and Consolidation of State Power in Postelection Iran       The Communication Review       http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10714421.2011.597240   \n\nBrisson, Zack, & Krontiris, Kate (March, 2012). 'Tunisia: From Revolutions to Institutions' <http://dl.dropbox.com/u/53226669/Tunisia%201-2012-Publication-Web-%C6%92.pdf> World Bank Group\n\nBrisson, Zack, & Lee, Panthea (March, 2011). 'Egypt: From Revolutions to Institutions'<http://thereboot.org/wp-content/Egypt/Reboot-Egypt-From-Revolutions-To-Institutions.pdf>\n\nChebib, Nadine Kassem  and Rabia Minatullah Sohail       2011   The Reasons Social Media Contributed To The 2011 Egyptian Revolution   International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), Volume (2) : Issue (3) : 2011       http://www.cscjournals.org/csc/manuscript/Journals/IJBRM/volume2/Issue3/IJBRM-52.pdf\n\nCompilation of authors; Edited by Marc Lynch, Susan B. Glasser, and Blake Hounshell     2011   [e-book] Revolution in the Arab World: Tunisia, Egypt and the Unmaking of an Era       Foreign Policy   http://www.foreignpolicy.com/ebooks/revolution_in_the_arab_world \n\nCottle, Simon   2011   Media and the Arab uprisings of 2011: Research notes   Journalism, July 2011; 12 (5)   http://www.contexting.me/files/CottleMediaandtheArabUprising.pdf\n\nDiani, Mario (2012)  Networks and Internet into Perspective. Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue: http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nDupont, C\u00e9dric, Florence Passy   2011   Debate: The Arab Spring or How to Explain those Revolutionary Episodes? Swiss Political Science Review, Volume 17, Issue 4, pages 447\u2013451, December 2011       http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02037.x/abstract\n\nEickelman, Dale    2005   New Media in the Arab Middle East and the Emergence of Open Societies in Remaking Muslim Politics ed. Robert Hefner     2005, Princeton University Press       http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MmmVMCBej8oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA37&dq=%22new+media+in+the+arab+middle+east%22&ots=VVVYG9YiIe&sig=Z8J5mbCrhB5slmusWY4GlY20q20#v=onepage&q=%22new%20media%20in%20the%20arab%20middle%20east%22&f=false\n\nEllis, Christopher J., John Fender     2010   Information Cascades and Revolutionary Regime Transitions     The Economic Journal   http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02401.x/abstract     \n\nEltantawy, Nahed, Julie B. Wiest 2011   Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory     International Journal of Communication   http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1242\n\neMarketing Egypt       2011   Facebook in Egypt:e-marketing insights August 2011     Gartner Research       N/A \nFarrell, Henry   N/A     The Internet's Consequences for Politics       Not yet published; posted online at Crooked Timber Blog crookedtimber.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/ARPS.pdf\n\nGamson, William A. (2012)  Arab Spring, Israeli Summer, and the Process of Cognitive Liberation. Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue: http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nGhannam, Jeffrey  2011   Social Media in the Arab World: Leading up to the Uprisings of 2011     Center for International Media Assistance     http://cima.ned.org/publications/social-media-arab-world-leading-uprisings-2011-0\n\nGoldstone, Jack A. (2012)  Cross-class Coalitions and the Making of the Arab Revolts of 2011. Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue: http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nGoodwin, Jeff. (2012) Why We Were Surprised (Again) by the Arab Spring. Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue: http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nHoward, P.     2010   [Book] The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam   Oxford University Press, 2010   http://faculty.washington.edu/pnhoward/publishing/internetislam/internetislam.html\n\nHoward, Philip N. Aiden Duffy, Deen Freelon, Muzammil Hussain, Will Mari, and Marwa Mazaid     2011   Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring?     Project on Information Technology & Political Islam (pITPI)     http://pitpi.org/index.php/2011/09/11/opening-closed-regimes-what-was-the-role-of-social-media-during-the-arab-spring/\n\nInternational Journal of Communication (Vol. 5), http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc\n\nIqbal, Zubair     2011   Are Democratic Revolts Contagious? Implications for the Arab World     Middle East Institute   http://www.mei.edu/content/are-democratic-revolts-contagious-implications-arab-world\n\nKabir, Nahid Afrose      2011   Egypt's Arab Spring: will the flowers blossom?   University of South Australia International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding     http://www.unisa.edu.au/muslim-understanding/documents/kabir-egypts-arab-spring.pdf\n\nKhamis, Dr. Sahar  and Katherine Vaughn   2011   Cyberactivism in the Egyptian Revolution: How Civic Engagement and Citizen Journalism Tilted the Balance       Published in Issue 13 of Arab Media and Society (Formerly TBS Journal), Summer 2011     http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=769\n\nKhondker, Habibul Haque    2011   Role of the New Media in the Arab Spring       Globalizations (published by Global Studies Association of North America), Volume 8, Issue 5, 2011 (available via Taylor & Francis Online)     http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2011.621287\n\nLaipson, Ellen (project director); Courtney C. Radsch (author)   2011   Blogosphere and Social Media (pp. 67-81)       Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East   http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Blogosphere_and_Social_Media.pdf\n\nLotan, Gilad et al. 2011. \u201cThe revolutions were tweeted.\u201d International Journal of Communications 5: 1375-1405. \n\nLotan, Gilad,  Erhardt Graeff, Mike Ananny, Devin Gaffney, Ian Pearce, danah boyd 2011   The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows During the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions     International Journal of Communication   http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1246\n\nLynch, Marc      2011   After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State         Perspectives on Politics (2011), 9 : pp 301-310     http://www.marclynch.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/download-Lynch-article.pdf\n\nLynch, Marc     2007   Blogging the New Arab Public   Arab Media and Society (February 2007)   http://www.arabmediasociety.com/articles/downloads/20070312155027_AMS1_Marc_Lynch.pdf\n\nLysenkoa, Volodymyr V. Kevin C. Desouzab       2012   Moldova's internet revolution: Analyzing the role of technologies in various phases of the confrontation       Technological Forecasting and Social Change, via Science Direct http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162511001223     \n\nMalcolm Gladwell\u2019s blog post on The New Yorker website, \u201cDoes Egypt Need Twitter?\u201d www.newyorker.com (accessed November 11, 2011). \n\nMurphy, Emma C.    2009   Theorizing ICTs in the Arab World: Informational Capitalism and the Public Sphere     International Studies Quarterly 53, p. 1131-1153       http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00571.x/pdf\n\nMusleh, Abeer 2012 Mobilizing during the Arab Revolutions: Palestinian Youth Speak for Themseleves. In Tejerina, B. and I. Perugorr\u00eda (Eds.) From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization, Bilbao: Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco. Email: abmusleh@gmail.com  \n\nNanabhay, Mohamed  and Roxane Farmanfarmaian     2011   From spectacle to spectacular: How physical space, social media and mainstream broadcast amplified the public sphere in Egypt's \u2018Revolution\u2019   The Journal of North African Studies   http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2011.639562\n\nNepstad, Sharon Erickson (2012) Nonviolent Resistance in the Arab Spring: The Critical Role of Military-Opposition Alliances. Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue:http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nNetworks and Internet into Perspective\" Swiss Political Science Review 17(4): 469\u201347   http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02040.x/pdf\n\nSchneider, Cathy Lisa (2012) Violence and State Repression.Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue: http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nSkinner, Julia    2011   Social Media and Revolution: The Arab Spring and the Occupy Movement as Seen through Three Information Studies Paradigms       Sprouts Working Papers on Information Systems   http://sprouts.aisnet.org/11-169/\n\nStephan, Maria J.        2011   Revolution and Political Transformation in the Middle East: Outcomes and Prospects, Volume 3   Middle East Institute   http://www.mei.edu/content/introduction-revolution-and-political-transformation-middle-east-outcomes-and-prospects-vol\n\nTufekci, Zaynep.  2011. \u201cToo many messages and only one Facebook page.\u201d Technosociology. Blog posted on September 19, 2011. http://technosociology.org, accessed November 11, 2011. \n\nTufekci, Zaynep. 2011. \u201cNew media and the people-powered uprisings.\u201d Technology Review. Blog posted on August 30, 2011. www.technologyreview.com/blog/guest/27122/, accessed November 11, 2011. \n\nTufekci, Zeynep   2011   New Media and the People-Powered Uprisings     MIT Technology Review   http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/guest/27122/\n\nTufekci, Zeynep   N/A; publication forthcoming   The New Media Ecology and the Dynamics of Collective Action and Repression Under Autocracies   Draft provided to Berkman Center team; publication forthcoming in Journal of Communication     N/A; draft provided to Berkman Center team; please see Berkman webcast 'From Tehran to Tahrir: Social Media and Dynamics of Collective Action under Authoritarian Regimes,' available at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/events/luncheon/2011/09/tufekci   \n\nTufekci, Zeynep (2011) Video presentation http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/zeynep & http://technosociology.org/ Keywords/themes: Collective action and technology Focus cases: Arab Spring (Egypt) Related work: Video presentation: From Tehran to Tahrir: Social Media and Dynamics of Collective Action under Authoritarian Regimes http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/events/luncheon/2011/09/tufekci\n\nWilson, Christopher and Alexandra Dunn. 2011a. \u201cDigital media in the Egyptian revolution.\u201d International Journal of Communication 5: 1248-1272.\n\nWilson, Christopher, Alexandra Dunn     2011   Digital Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Descriptive Analysis from the Tahrir Data Set International Journal of Communication   http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1180\n\nZunes, Stephen    2011   Revolution and Political Transformation in the Middle East: Agents of Change, Volume 1   Middle East Institute   http://www.mei.edu/content/revolution-and-political-transformation-middle-east-agents-change\n\nZunes, Stephen   2011   Revolution and Political Transformation in the Middle East: Government Action and Response, Volume 2   Middle East Institute   http://www.mei.edu/content/introduction-revolution-and-political-transformation-middle-east-government-action-and\n\n'''BLOG POSTS  ARAB CASES:  '''  \n\nCarvin, Andy      2011   Online Reports Detail Chaos, Deaths in Tunisia; Add Yours     NPR.org Jan 13   http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/01/13/132888992/tunisia-protests-social-media\n\nEltahawy, Mona    2010   Facebook, Youtube, and Twitter are The New Tools of Protest in the Arab World   Washington Post, August 7 2010   http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/06/AR2010080605094.html     \n\nGallagher, Ian    2011     Egyptian police use Facebook and Twitter to track down protesters' names before 'rounding them up'     Daily Mail London 2011   http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1354096/Egypt-protests-Police-use-Facebook-Twitter-track-protesters.html \n\nGreenberg, Andy    2011   As Egyptians Reconnect, Their Government Will Be Watching     Forbes.com 2011   http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/02/04/as-egyptians-reconnect-their-government-will-be-watching/   \n\nHirschkind, Charles      2011   The Road to Tahrir     Social Science Research Council   http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2011/02/09/the-road-to-tahrir/ \n\nLevinson, Charles  and Margaret Croker     2011   The Secret Rally That Sparked an Uprising     Wall Street Journal Feb 2011     http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704132204576135882356532702.html   \n\nMasoud, Tarek    2011   An Exit Plan for Mubarak       New York Times   http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/04/opinion/04masoud.html   \n\nMasoud, Tarek    2011   U.S. must back democracy in Egypt regardless   Los Angeles Times       http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/09/opinion/la-oe-masoud-egypt-20110209     \n\nMay, Michelle   2011   How the Egyptian Revolution Inspired Protests in Spain   PBS Media Shift: Social Networking     http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2011/06/how-the-egyptian-revolution-inspired-protests-in-spain161.html\n\nMccormick, Ty    2011   The Road to Tahrir (Foreign Policy)     Foreign Policy August 18 2011   http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/18/the_road_to_tahrir     \n\nMostak, Todd     2011   Tarek Masoud discusses the dynamics of Egypt's Revolution     Harvard University Center for Middle Eastern Studies   http://cmes.hmdc.harvard.edu/node/2427   \n\nN/A; Gulf Stream Blog   2011   Tunisia's Wikileaks Revolution? Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center Gulfstream: Analysis from the Dubai Initative     http://middleeastinthenews.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/tunisias-wikileaks-revolution/\n\nN/A; Gulf Stream Blog   2011   When the People Rise Up: Egypt's Massive Protests and Their Unpredictable Outcomes     Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center Gulfstream: Analysis from the Dubai Initative     http://middleeastinthenews.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/when-the-people-rise-up-egyptian-massive-protests-and-the-unpredictable-outcomes/\n\nN/A; Gulf Stream Blog   2011   When the People Rise Up: When the People Rise Up: Lessons from Tunisia   Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center Gulfstream: Analysis from the Dubai Initative     http://middleeastinthenews.wordpress.com/2011/01/25/when-the-people-rise-up-lessons-from-tunisia/\n\n== Spanish \"Indignatos\"/15M ==\n\nFuster Morell, M (2011) Video presentation: The Spanish Revolution & the Internet: From free culture to meta-politics http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/events/luncheon/2011/11/morell\n\nFuster Morell, M. & Subirats, J. (2012). M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 d'Internet com a eina \"martell\u201d - eina de la vella pol\u00edtica: Cap un nou Policy Making?. Els casos del Moviment de Cultura Lliure i pel Procom\u00fa Digital i el 15M a Catalunya (Beyond the Internet as a tool \"hammer\" - tool of the old politics: Towards a New Policy Making?. Cases the Free Culture Movement and the digital commons and 15M in Catalonia). Research report. Institute de Govern i Politiques Publiques (UAB) per l'Escola d'Administracio Publica de Catalunya. (139 pages) \n\nPostill, John. n.d. \u201cDemocracy in an age of viral reality,\u201d unpublished manuscript submitted to special edition of Ethnography \u201cMedia Ethnography and Public Sphere Engagement,\u201d edited  by Debra Vidali and Thomas Tufte. \n\nTaibo, Carlos. 2011. El 15-M en sesenta preguntas. Madrid: Los libros de la Catarata.\n\nToret, Javier (2011) Una mirada tecnopol\u00edtica sobre los primeros d\u00edas del #15M .http://civilsc.net/node/14\n\nJornadas Seminario de \u201cComunicaci\u00f3n y Sociedad Civil\u201d de la UOC-IN3: http://civilsc.net/\n\nPurmar, Victor (2012) Los indignados cumplen un a\u00f1o. El \u00e9xito tangible del 15M http://www.unitedexplanations.org/2012/03/21/los-indignados-cumplen-un-ano-el-exito-tangible-del-15m/\n\n== Occupy Wall Street == \n\nAmerican Ethnologist's (AE) May 2012 issue (Volume 39, Issue 2) features three open-access articles on the Occupy movements (by Jeffrey Juris, Maple Razsa/Andrej Kurnik, and David Nugent). ***Photos, abstracts, and direct links to the articles are available on AE's website: http://www.americanethnologist.org Click on the Occupy article titles and you will be taken to the abstracts (and accompanying photos), and at the end of the abstracts you will find live open access links to the full article PDFs in the Wiley-Online Library. 1) Maple Razsa and Andrej Kurnik, \"The Occupy Movement in \u017di\u017eek\u2019s hometown: Direct democracy and a politics of becoming\". 2) Jeffrey S. Juris, \"Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere: Social media, public space, and emerging logics of aggregation\". 3) David Nugent, \"Commentary: Democracy, temporalities of capitalism, and dilemmas of inclusion in Occupy movements\"\n\nAdbusters call to occupy wall street: www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/occupywallstreet.html (accessed October 24, 2011). \n\nCostanza-Chock, Sasha (2012) Video presentation Media Culture in the Occupy Movement: http://vimeo.com/groups/occupyvideo/videos/37833652\n\nCollins, Joan. 2012. \"Theorizing Wisconsin's 2011 Protests.\" American Ethnologist 39(1): 1-15. \n\nCollins, Randall. 2001. \u201cSocial movements and the focus of emotional attention.\u201d In Passionate Politics, edited by Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper and Francesca \nPolletta, 27\u201344. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.\n\nHector R. Cordero-Guzman, \"Main Stream Support for a Mainstream Movement,  The 99% Movement Comes From and Looks Like the 99%, Profile of web traffic taken from occupywallstreet.org,\" October 19, 2011, http://occupywallst.org (accessed January 4, 2011). \n\nGraeber, David. 2011. \"On Playing By the Rules\u2014The Strange Success of #OccupyWallStreet,\"http://www.nakedcapitalism.com (accessed January 4, 2012). \n\nHardt, Michael and Antonio Negro. 2011. \"The Fight for 'Real Democracy' at the Heart of Occupy Wall Street.\" - (October 11),  www.foreignaffairs.com (accessed  January 5, 2012). \n\nMilan, Stefania. 2011. \u201cCloud protesting.\u201d Blog posted on October 18, 2011. http://stefi.engagetv.com/node/103, accessed November 11, 2011. \n\nGamson, Bill. (2012) [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/21M12socialcooperation/sites/21M12socialcooperation/images/Gamson_010212CulturalOutcomesOccupyMovement.doc Cultural Outcomes of the Occupy Movement]. December 30, 2011  [with changes added: January 2, 2012]\n\nRinke, Einke M. and Maria R\u00f6der. 2011. \u201cMedia ecologies, communication culture, and temporal-spatial unfolding.\u201d International Journal of Communication 5: 1273-1285. \n\nCostanza-Chock, Sasha    2010   [Dissertation] Se Ve, Se Siente: Transmedia Mobilization in the Los Angeles Immigrant Rights Movement   USC Annenberg School of Communication 2010 Completed Dissertions       http://annenberg.usc.edu/Research/Student/Dissertations/Completed10/Costanza-ChockS.aspx\n\nSchradie, Jen. 2011. \"Why Tents (Still) Matter for the Occupy Movement,\" www.commondreams.org (January 4, 2012). \n\nSuresh, Fernando Occupy Vancouver Organizer on Dec 27, 2011Occupy My Soul by http://thenextedge.org/2011/12/occupy-my-soul/\n\nRuggero, E, Colin (2011). \"Spirit of \u201976: Occupy Philadelphia, Voicelessness, and the Challenge of Growing the Occupy Wall Street Movement\" Deliberately Considered, November 2011. Blog post: [http://www.deliberatelyconsidered.com/2011/11/spirit-of-%E2%80%9976-occupy-philadelphia-voicelessness-and-the-challenge-of-growing-the-occupy-wall-street-movement/]\n\nGamson, Bill. (2012) Boston College Cultural Outcomes of the Occupy Movement. December 30, 2011  [with changes added: January 2, 2012]\n\n''Blogs on OWS:''\n\nMeyer David's Blog: http://politicsoutdoors.com/tag/occupy/ and http://politicsoutdoors.com/tag/occupy-wall-street/; \n\nThe Center for the Study of Social Movements at the University of Notre Dame <http://cssm.nd.edu/>: http://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/tag/occupy-movement/; \n\nForeign Affairs articles on OWS: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/node/133733.\n\n== Russia ==\n\nBy John Kelly, Vladimir Barash, Karina Alexanyan, Bruce Etling, Robert Faris, Urs Gasser, and John Palfrey \u201cMapping Russian Twitter\u201d <http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2012/mapping_russian_twitter>\n\n== Comparison of several cases ==\n\nAncelovici, Marcos (2012) \u201cLe mouvement Occupy et la question des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s: Ce que le slogan \u2018Nous sommes les 99 %\u2019 dit et ne dit pas.\u201d In F. Dupuis-D\u00e9ri, ed. Par dessus le march\u00e9! R\u00e9lexions critiques sur le capitalisme. Montreal: \u00c9cosoci\u00e9t\u00e9. [http://ancelovici.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/le-mouvement-occupy-et-la-question-des-inc3a9galitc3a9s-ancelovici.pdf]\n\nRey, Pablo (2011) Gallery of different twitter-newspaper visualizations. http://numeroteca.org/cat/frontpage-newspaper/\n\nRey, Pablo (2011)  Post: Analyzing newspapers\u2019 front pages to interpret the Mainstream Media ecology. Researching the #15M, #Occupy movement and the Arab Spring. Interested in the relationship between Mainstream Media and social Media(Twitter): http://civic.mit.edu/blog/pablo/analyzing-newspapers-front-pages\n\nGamson, William A. (2012) Arab Spring, Israeli Summer, and the Process of Cognitive Liberation. Swiss Political Science Review. Special issue: http://dmmsclick.wiley.com/view.asp?m=0jcva5g0090vlet42smd&u=19087420&f=h\n\nUSA - SPAIN\n\nFuster Morell, M (2012) Blog post Report on OWS Forum on the commons: http://www.onlinecreation.info/?p=492\n\n== Theory ==\n\nAday, Sean, Harry Farrell, Marc Lynch, and John Sides   2010   Special Report: Advancing New Media Research   United States Institute of Peace       http://www.usip.org/publications/advancing-new-media-research   \n\nAday, Sean, Harry Farrell, Marc Lynch, John Sides, John Kelly, & Ethan Zuckerman 2010   Blogs and Bullets: New Media in Contentious Politics     United States Institute of Peace       http://www.usip.org/publications/blogs-and-bullets-new-media-in-contentious-politics     \n\nBajpai, Kartikeya and Anuj Jaiswal     2011   A Framework for Analyzing Collective Action Events on Twitter   Proceedings of the 8th International ISCRAM Conference--Lisbon, Portugal, May 2011     www.iscramlive.org/ISCRAM2011/proceedings/papers/119.pdf \n\nBenkler, Yochai    2006 (hardcover publication)   The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (see especially Chapter 7, \"Political Freedom Part 2: Emergence of the Networked Public Sphere\"   Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Sharealike  License   http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/wealth_of_networks/Main_Page#Reviews_and_Blogs\n\nCastells, Manuel 2009   Communication Power     Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press       Book reviews are available at:   http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/32/6/1043.full.pdf+html?rss=1 (published in the journal Media Culture Society) or http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10584609.2010.517097 (published in the journal Political Communication)\n\nCouldry,  Nick, James  Curran  (eds.);  W.  Lance Bennett (author)   2003   Chapter 2: New Media Power: The Internet and Global Activism   Contesting media power: alternative media in a networked world (book)   http://depts.washington.edu/ccce/assets/documents/pdf/newmediapower.pdf   \n\ndella Porta, Donatella Sidney Tarrow (eds). (2005) Transnational Protest and Global Activism, New York, Rowman and Littlefield. \n\ndella Porta, Donatella (ed.), 2009. Democracy in Social Movements, Houndsmill, Palgrave.\n\nDiamond, Larry   2010   Liberation Technology   Journal of Democracy 21(3):69-83       http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v021/21.3.diamond.html\nEarle, Lucy     2011   Literature Review on the Dynamics of Social Movements in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States   Emerging Issues Research Service of the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC)     www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/EIRS13.pdf\n\nEdmond, Chris   2011   Information Manipulation, Coordination, and Regime Change     The National Bureau of Economic Research       http://www.nber.org/papers/w17395.pdf   \n\nGoldstone, Jack    2011   Understanding the Revolutions of 2011   Foreign Affairs   http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67694/jack-a-goldstone/understanding-the-revolutions-of-2011\n\nGoldstone, Jack Ted Robert Gurr and Farrokh Moshiri, eds.     1991   [Book] Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century       Boulder: Westview Press, 1991   No eBook available\n\nGonz\u00e1lez-Bail\u00f3n, \"Sandra , Javier Borge-Holthoefer, Alejandro Rivero     & Yamir Moreno\" 2011   The Dynamics of Protest Recruitment through an Online Network   Scientific Reports 1, Article number: 197, December 2011       http://www.nature.com/srep/2011/111215/srep00197/full/srep00197.html\n\nHuntington, Samuel P.    1991     [Book] The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century     Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991   No eBook available\n\nMcAdam, D., Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly     2001   Dynamics of Contention   New York, Cambridge University Press, 2001     http://site.ebrary.com.library.aucegypt.edu:2048/lib/aucairo/docDetail.action?docID=10005733\n\nMeier, Patrick    2011   Chapter 2: From Evidence to Model in Do \"Liberation Technologies\" Change the Balance of Power Between Repressive Regimes and Civil Society? DRAFT     DRAFT of Stanford University thesis     http://irevolution.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/meier-dissertation-final.pdf\n\nMourtada, R. and Fadi Salem (2011) Produced by DSG\u2019s Governance and Innovation Program and co-authored by Racha Mourtada and Fadi Salem   2011   Facebook Usage: Factors and Analysis   Dubai School of Government, Arab Social Media Report, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Jan. 2011       http://www.dsg.ae/NEWSANDEVENTS/UpcomingEvents/ASMRHome.aspx     \n\nMourtada, R. and Fadi Salem Produced by DSG\u2019s Governance and Innovation Program and co-authored by Racha Mourtada and Fadi Salem   2011   Civil Movements: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter     Dubai School of Government, Arab Social Media Report, Vol. 1, Issue 2, May 2011 http://www.dsg.ae/NEWSANDEVENTS/UpcomingEvents/ASMROverview2.aspx       \n\nNeumayer, Christina  and Celina Raffl     2008   Facebook for Global Protest: The Potential and Limits of Social Software for Grassroots Activism       Prato CIRN 2008 Community Infomatics Conference: ICTs for Social Inclusion: What is the Reality? Refereed Paper http://pep-forums.990086.n3.nabble.com/file/n2539001/2008-Neumayer-Raffl-Facebook_protest_FARC.pdf     \n\nRhue, Lauren, Arun Sundararajan   2011   Digital Access, Political Networks and the Diffusion of Democracy     SSRN, NYU Working Paper No. CEDER-11-03 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1892669     \n\nRinke, Eike M.  and Maria R\u00f6der   2011   Media Ecologies, Communication Culture, and Temporal-Spatial Unfolding: Three Components in a Communication Model of the Egyptian Regime Change   International Journal of Communication   http://mkw.uni-mannheim.de/prof_dr_hartmut_wessler/eike_rinke/rinke_roeder/rinke_roeder.pdf\n\nRobert Gurr, Ted  1970   Why Men Rebel   Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970     No eBook available\n\nRuth Kricheli, Yair Livne, and Beatriz Magaloni 2011   Taking to the Streets: Theory and Evidence on Protests under Authoritarianism   Stanford University's Center on Development, Democracy, and the Rule of Law (CDDRL), Program on Poverty and Governance Project   http://cddrl.stanford.edu/publications/taking_to_the_streets_theory_and_evidence_on_protests_under_authoritarianism/\n\nSenger, Dustin  (with Dr. Cynthia Suopis)   2010   Can Social Media Spread Democracy? A Review of Literature     dustinsenger.com       www.dustinsenger.com/publications/report/Social_Media_Democracy.pdf     \n\nShehata, Dina   2011   The Fall of the Pharaoh Foreign Affairs   http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67687/dina-shehata/the-fall-of-the-pharaoh\n\nShirky, Clay     2008   Here comes everybody: the power of organizing without organizations     New York, Penguin, 2008   http://books.google.com/books/about/Here_comes_everybody.html?id=mafZyckH_bAC\n\nSpier, Shaked    2011   CollectiveAction 2.0: The Impact of ICT-Based Social Media on Collective Action \u2013 Difference in Degree or Difference in Kind?   Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin   http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/master/spier-shaked-2011-08-15/PDF/spier.pdf   \n\nZimbra, A. Abbasi, and H. Chen     2010   A Cyber-archaeology Approach to Social Movement Research: Framework and Case Study     Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication     http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01531.x/abstract     \n\n\n'''Blog posts theory:'''\n\nEsfandiari, Golnaz   2010   The Twitter Devolution   Foreign Policy June 7 2010     http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/06/07/the_twitter_revolution_that_wasnt     \n\nGladwell, Malcolm  and Clay Shirky       2011   From Innovation to Revolution: Do Social Media Make Protests Possible?   Foreign Affairs http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67325/malcolm-gladwell-and-clay-shirky/from-innovation-to-revolution   \n\nShirky, Clay      2011   The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change       Foreign Affairs http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67038/clay-shirky/the-political-power-of-social-media\n\n== Others ==\n\nBauwens, Michel 'Occupy' as a business model: The emerging open-source civilisation. The Occupy Wall Street movement is a model for a new economic paradigm, in which value is first created by communities. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/2012361233474499.html\n\nObservatorio Metropolitano (Octubre 2011). Crisis y revolucion en Europa. Traficantes de suenyos: Madrid. (Spanish)\nhttp://traficantes.net/index.php/editorial/catalogo/otras/Crisis-y-revolucion-en-Europa\n''This analysis  by Observatorio Metropolitano (October 2011) links the social mobilizaions from northern Africa and Europe.''\n\nOccupy research resources:\n* http://occupyresearch.wikispaces.com/\n* Zotero Group: https://www.zotero.org/groups/occupyresearch\n\nChinese Government Reaction to OWS by newmediadev2011 http://newmediadev2011.wikischolars.columbia.edu/Chinese+Government+Reaction+to+OWS"
                            }
                        },
                        "comment": "/* Introduction */"
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                ]
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